“…Third, participants were assumed as serious leisure participants because of the nature of the participation within the pursuit (Cheng & Tsaur, 2012;Gibson et al, 2002;Hultsman, 1992;Jones, 2010;Liu, 2012;Qian & Yarnal, 2010;Silverman, 2006;Tsaur & Liang, 2008). Fourth, leisure activities (high-risk drinking, chess, mountaineering, jazz, bird watching, dance, football, taekwondo, surfing and home brewing) were assumed as serious leisure activity because of the serious nature of the pursuits (Brown, 2005;Cheng & Tsaur, 2012;Dilley & Scraton, 2010;Gibson et al, 2002;Gould et al, 2011;Maloney, 2008;Mandin, 1998;Murray, 2011;Kim, 2004;Kim et al, 2011;Silverman, 2006;Tsaur & Liang, 2008). Lastly, cluster analysis was used in a study (Hwang, 2008) for classifying serious and casual leisure participants.…”