Measuring the differences of neighbourhood environment and physical activity in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods in Karachi, Pakistan

Gul, Yasmeen; Sultan, Zahid; Moeinaddini, Mehdi; Jokhio, Gul Ahmed

doi:10.1080/13574809.2018.1468216

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These gated neighbourhoods have gained popularity around the world among consumers ( Blakely and Snyder, 1997 ; Grant and Mittelsteadt, 2004 ). It has been reported that these communities have low POC ( Wilson-Doenges, 2000 ; Sakip et al., 2012 ; Gul et al., 2018 ), but no actual difference in the crime rate ( Breitung, 2012 ). The available research is inconclusive about the crime in the gated neighbourhoods and there is a gap in the literature comparing the POC and its effects on walking in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The association between the perception of crime and walking in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods of Asian developing countries

Gul

Sultan

Jokhio

2018

Heliyon

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It has been reported in the literature that the perception of crime at the neighbourhood level inversely affects the walking behaviour of individuals. On the other hand, the gated neighbourhoods are considered safe from crime, however, there is a lack of research on the association of the perception of crime and walking in gated neighbourhoods. Therefore, the objectives of the study reported in this paper were to investigate the association between the perception of crime and walking in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods. A questionnaire was used to collect the data on walking and the perception of crime in 16 neighbourhoods of Karachi Pakistan, 8 out of which were gated. Independent sample t-test and gamma tests were used for the data analysis. The results show that although there is a lower perception of crime in the gated neighbourhoods, yet the inhabitants of gated neighbourhoods engage in less physical activity comprising of walking. In spite of a greater perception of crime in non-gated neighbourhoods, higher values of walking were reported by the residents of those neighbourhoods. Therefore, it has been concluded that there does not exist a definite relationship between the perception of crime and walking behaviour at the neighbourhood level and the perceived safety from crime claimed by the proponents of the gated neighbourhoods does not encourage walking among the residents.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The association between the perception of crime and walking in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods of Asian developing countries

Gul

Sultan

Jokhio

2018

Heliyon

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“…The results of previous studies on physical activity among people of different marital status are inconclusive. Some studies have indicated higher total physical activity levels among single adults compared to those in relationships ( Bassett et al, 2010 ; Del Duca et al, 2013 ; Garcez et al, 2015 ; Gul et al, 2019 ; Malambo et al, 2016 ; Rapp & Schneider, 2013 ). Similar observations regarding physical activity associated with active transport were made by Zeinab (2019) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and socio-economic status of single and married urban adults: a cross-sectional study

Puciato

Rozpara

2021

PeerJ

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Background Changing family models have resulted in a large increase in the number of single-person households. This phenomenon has certain implications for society and the economy as single people often exhibit different behaviours, including their engagement in health-related physical activity, than those who are married and living with partners. However, the results of studies on determinants of physical activity in people of different marital status have been inconclusive. The aim of this study was to identify associations between physical activity and socioeconomic status in single and married urban adults. Methods The study material consisted of 4,460 persons (1,828 single and 2,632 married and living with partners). A cross-sectional study was conducted in Wroclaw (Poland). A diagnostic survey-direct interview method was used. Two research tools were applied: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and the Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire (S-ESQ). The level of respondents’ physical activity was assessed following WHO recommendations. The descriptive statistics included the number and frequency of categories of dependent and independent variables as well as measures of association between them, i.e., crude and adjusted odds ratios. Results The odds ratio of meeting the WHO physical activity recommendations was almost 70% higher in single than in married respondents (OR = 1.67; CI [1.46–2.19]), and slightly more than 40% higher after adjusting for sex, age and education (aOR = 1.42; CI [1.21–1.67]). In both groups socioeconomic the respondents’ status revealed a significant and slightly different association with their levels of physical activity. Occupational status and financial savings significantly affected the level of physical activity in single respondents, while net disposable income was a significant modifier of physical activity levels in respondents who were married or lived with their partners. Conclusions Assessment of the levels and determinants of physical activity among people of different marital status should be continued and extended to other subpopulations. This will allow effective preventive and therapeutic measures to be taken for groups most at risk of hypokinesia. Programs aimed at improving physical activity accounting for the socioeconomic status and marital status of their beneficiaries are particularly important.

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“…The relationship between mixed land-use and walking has been widely studied. A few studies have explained that a measure of land-use mix is associated with moderate (walking) level of physical activity (Frank, et al 2005, Strath, Isaacs and Greenwald 2007, Aytur, Rodriguez, et al 2007, Gul 2017. Another study of North Carolina involving more than 6000 participants explained that mixed land-use plans were found positively associated with both leisure and transportation walking (Aytur, Rodriguez, et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution to the Environmental sustainability by improving the walking behaviour through neighbourhoods’ design with special reference to developing countries

2020

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The neighbourhood design (ND) factors such as land-use mix (LUM), street connectivity and housing density have the potential to enhance the walking. A limited number of studies have investigated the association of ND factors with walking in developing countries. Therefore, the objective of this study is to compare the ND factors and investigate their association with walking. The LUM, street connectivity and housing density were measured objectively while walking was calculated subjectively (n-1,042adults). Independent sample t-test and Binary logistic analysis has been used to investigate the comparison and association between ND factors and walking. The results show that two out of three ND indicators are significantly different in both types of neighbourhoods and have positive association with walking Therefore, it can be concluded that, for the sake of walking in developing countries, the neighbourhoods should have mix of different land-uses and well-connected streets rather than sealing the neighbourhoods with walls.

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Measuring the differences of neighbourhood environment and physical activity in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods in Karachi, Pakistan

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

The association between the perception of crime and walking in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods of Asian developing countries

The association between the perception of crime and walking in gated and non-gated neighbourhoods of Asian developing countries

Physical activity and socio-economic status of single and married urban adults: a cross-sectional study

Contribution to the Environmental sustainability by improving the walking behaviour through neighbourhoods’ design with special reference to developing countries

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