Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices with Incentives for Truth-Telling

John, Leslie K.; Loewenstein, George; Prelec, Dražen

doi:10.2139/ssrn.1996631

Cited by 236 publications

(394 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Simonsohn et al (2014) highlighted that researchers may file only the subsets of analyses that produce non-significant results, rather than placing entire studies in the file drawer, which is referred to as inflation bias or P-hacking. Recently, John et al (2012) showed that many researchers P-hack, but do not appreciate the extent to which this process is a form of scientific misconduct. Thus P-curve analysis can be used to assess whether the overall effect of the meta-analysis is due to P-hacking or true effect (Simonsohn et al, 2014).…”

Section: Publication Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does transcranial electrical stimulation enhance corticospinal excitability of the motor cortex in healthy individuals? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Dissanayaka

Zoghi

Farrell

et al. 2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Numerous studies have explored the effects of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) - including anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS), cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS), transcranial alternative current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) and transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) - on corticospinal excitability (CSE) in healthy populations. However, the efficacy of these techniques and their optimal parameters for producing robust results has not been studied. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to consolidate current knowledge about the effects of various parameters of a-tDCS, c-tDCS, tACS, tRNS and tPCS on the CSE of the primary motor cortex (M1) in healthy people. Leading electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 1990 and February 2017; 126 articles were identified, and their results were extracted and analysed using RevMan software. The meta-analysis showed that a-tDCS application on the dominant side significantly increases CSE (P < 0.01) and that the efficacy of a-tDCS is dependent on current density and duration of application. Similar results were obtained for stimulation of M1 on the non-dominant side (P = 0.003). The effects of a-tDCS reduce significantly after 24 h (P = 0.006). Meta-analysis also revealed significant reduction in CSE following c-tDCS (P < 0.001) and significant increases after tRNS (P = 0.03) and tPCS (P = 0.01). However, tACS effects on CSE were only significant when the stimulation frequency was ≥140 Hz. This review provides evidence that tES has substantial effects on CSE in healthy individuals for a range of stimulus parameters.

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Section: Publication Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does transcranial electrical stimulation enhance corticospinal excitability of the motor cortex in healthy individuals? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Dissanayaka

Zoghi

Farrell

et al. 2017

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Unfortunately, many cases of scientific misconduct are never discovered (Fanelli 2009;John et al 2012). The number of retracted papers is increasing even when one accounts for the increasing number of papers being published (Cokol et al 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ending the citation of retracted papers

Cosentino¹,

Veríssimo

2016

Conservation Biology

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“…The debates about reproducibility have mostly focused on methodological issues, especially in relation to questionable research practices, such as selective reporting or gathering data until statistical significance is achieved [2]. Little attention has been paid to overgeneralization failures.…”

Section: Expected Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%