Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating

Trebino, Rick; DeLong, Kenneth W.; Fittinghoff, D. N.; Sweetser, John N.; Krumbügel, Marco A.; Richman, Bruce A.; Kane, Daniel J.

doi:10.1063/1.1148286

Cited by 1,325 publications

(779 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…This confirms their solitonic nature. We characterized them by measuring a time-frequency representation of their optical field using FROG (frequency resolved optical gating) 39 as well as their optical spectrum ( Fig. 2a,b).…”

Section: Fig 1 Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39 In presence of a pulse on a c.w. background, and for delays larger than the pulse duration, the FROG signal will be made up of two copies of the pulse, naturally leading to fringes in the spectral domain, and we have successfully verified that the observed fringes follow hyperbolic trajectories in the time-frequency plane (τ, f ), f = 1/τ , 2/τ , 3/τ , .…”

Section: Fig 1 Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultraweak long-range interactions of solitons observed over astronomical distances

et al. 2013

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We report what we believe is the weakest interaction between solitons ever observed. Our experiment involves temporal optical cavity solitons recirculating in a coherently-driven passive optical fibre ring resonator. We observe two solitons, separated by up to 8,000 times their width, changing their temporal separation by a fraction of an attosecond per round-trip of the 100 m-long resonator, or equivalently 1/10,000 of the wavelength of the soliton carrier wave per characteristic dispersive length. The interactions are so weak that, at the speed of light, they require an effective propagation distance of the order of an astronomical unit to fully develop, i.e. tens of millions of kilometres. The interaction is mediated by transverse acoustic waves generated in the optical fibre by the propagating solitons through electrostriction.Solitons are self-localized wave packets that do not spread, the dispersion of the supporting medium being cancelled by a nonlinear effect. 1-4 They are universal, and in many respects behave like particles. 2 They exert forces on each other and can interact in various ways, elastically or inelastically. 2,5,6 Here we report what we believe is by far the weakest form of soliton interaction ever observed. Using recirculating optical cavity solitons, we report interactions so weak that the solitons shift their positions by only about 10 −7 of their width -amounting to 1/10,000 of the wavelength of the soliton carrier wave -per characteristic dispersive length. At the speed of light, these interactions require effective propagation distances of the order of an astronomical unit (AU) to be revealed, i.e. tens of millions of kilometres. The sheer fact that we can actually observe such ultra-weak interactions in a noisy laboratory environment highlights the robustness and stability of solitons as never-before.Solitons occur in media as diverse as water, DNA, plasma, or ultra-cold gases, 1,7-12 but over the last 20 years optics has led the way in our understanding of soliton interactions because of the ease with which optical solitons can be studied experimentally. [13][14][15][16] Optical solitons have been shown to attract, repel, breakup, merge, orbit each-other or even annihilate. 5,17-21 As in various other media, soliton interactions can be either shortrange, occurring when the tails of neighbouring solitons overlap, 6,17,22,23 or long range, through a coupling with a non-local response, be it optical radiation, charge carriers, or thermal waves. 24-27 The weakest soliton interactions reported are long range, 24,25 but their observation is typically limited by the duration or propagation length over which the solitons can be maintained. In optics, this is often simply dictated by the size of a nonlinear crystal or the length of an optical fibre. To overcome this restriction, our experiment involves solitons recirculating in an optical fibre loop.More specifically, we consider temporal cavity solitons (CSs) propagating in a coherently-driven passive nonlinear fibre ring resonator. 28 Not...

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Section: Fig 1 Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fig 1 Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraweak long-range interactions of solitons observed over astronomical distances

et al. 2013

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“…Harmonic Generation (SHG) FROG technique as fully explained in [13]. Pulse retrieval for the characterization carried out in this work routinely gave low retrieval errors of less than 0.0004…”

Section: Pulse Generation and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 88%

Optimized performance map of an EAM for pulse generation and demultiplexing via FROG characterization

Maher

Anandarajah

Barry

2007

Optics Communications

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Abstract:We demonstrate the complete characterization of a sinusoidally driven electro-absorption modulator (EAM) over a range of RF drive voltages and reverse bias conditions. An accurate performance map for the EAM, to be employed as a pulse generator and demultiplexer in an optical time division multiplexed (OTDM) system, can be realized by employing the Frequency Resolved Optical Gating technique. The generated pulses were characterized for chirp, extinction ratio (ER) and pulse width (< 4 ps). The optimization of the EAM's drive conditions is important to ensure that the generated pulses have the required spectral and temporal characteristics to be used in high-speed systems. The ER and pulse width also influence the demultiplexing performance of an EAM in an OTDM system. This is confirmed by utilizing the EAM as a demultiplexer in an 80 Gb/s OTDM system and measuring the BER as a function of the received optical power for various values of the ER and pulse width. Simulations carried out verified the experimental results achieved.

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“…and 80 GHz are now analyzed by the FROG technique [28]. The FROG setup consists of a second harmonic generation (SHG) autocorrelator followed by a high resolution spectrometer.…”

Section: Frog Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of bit rate dependence up to 80Gbit/s of a simple wavelength converter based on XPM in a SOA and a shifted filtering

Girault

Clarke

Reid

et al. 2008

Optics Communications

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This paper provides the analysis of wavelength converted pulses obtained with a simple semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-based wavelength conversion scheme, which exploits cross phase modulation (XPM) in an SOA in conjunction with shifted filtering. The analysis includes experimental measurements of the back-to-back system performances as well as frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) characterisations of the wavelength converted pulses. These measurements are implemented at different bit rates up to 80 Gbit/s and for both red and blue shifted filtering, particularly showing different patterning effect dependences of red and blue shifting techniques. This analysis is developed by the addition of a numerical study which corroborates the experimental results. A further understanding of the different performances of red and blue filtering techniques, presented in the literature, can thus be proposed.The placement of the filter to undertake red shifted filtering (RSF) allows us to achieve very short pulse widths but high bit rate operation is limited by pattern effects. The blue shifted filtering (BSF) technique shows optimum performance as regards to patterning effects even if the wavelength converted pulses can be larger . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 thus be proposed. The placement of the filter to undertake red shifted filtering (RSF) allows us to achieve very short pulse widths but high bit rate operation is limited by pattern effects.

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Measuring ultrashort laser pulses in the time-frequency domain using frequency-resolved optical gating

Cited by 1,325 publications

References 93 publications

Ultraweak long-range interactions of solitons observed over astronomical distances

Ultraweak long-range interactions of solitons observed over astronomical distances

Optimized performance map of an EAM for pulse generation and demultiplexing via FROG characterization

Analysis of bit rate dependence up to 80Gbit/s of a simple wavelength converter based on XPM in a SOA and a shifted filtering

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