Mechanical activation of α-spodumene for further processing into lithium compounds

Kotsupalo, N. P.; Menzheres, L. T.; Ryabtsev, A. D.; Болдырев, В. В.

doi:10.1134/s0040579510040251

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…After heating the amorphous spodumene metastable c-form appears approximately at 800°C which is subsequently converted into b-spodumene at higher temperatures between 900 and 1080°C depending on the experimental conditions (Nordmann and Cheng, 1997;Guo et al, 2006;Kotsupalo et al, 2010;Gasalla et al, 1987). Ferro et al (2004) observed that a rare Li zeolite bikitaite [Li 2 (Al 2 Si 4 O 12 )Á2H 2 O, P1] transforms to c-spodumene at temperature of 800°C and Hurlbut (1957) found the transformation of bikitaite to b-spodumene upon heating to 900°C.…”

Section: Phase Transformation Via C-spodumenementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Amorphization is performed via melting with alloying elements (Nordmann and Cheng, 1997) or via mechanical treatment (Kotsupalo et al, 2010;Gasalla et al, 1987). After heating the amorphous spodumene metastable c-form appears approximately at 800°C which is subsequently converted into b-spodumene at higher temperatures between 900 and 1080°C depending on the experimental conditions (Nordmann and Cheng, 1997;Guo et al, 2006;Kotsupalo et al, 2010;Gasalla et al, 1987).…”

Section: Phase Transformation Via C-spodumenementioning

confidence: 99%

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α→γ→β-phase transformation of spodumene with hybrid microwave and conventional furnaces

Peltosaari

Tanskanen

Heikkinen

et al. 2015

Minerals Engineering

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Section: Phase Transformation Via C-spodumenementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Phase Transformation Via C-spodumenementioning

confidence: 99%

α→γ→β-phase transformation of spodumene with hybrid microwave and conventional furnaces

Peltosaari

Tanskanen

Heikkinen

et al. 2015

Minerals Engineering

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“…It is stated that grinding cleaves the Li-O, Al-O, and Si-O-Si bonds from the tetrahedral site. It shows that the α-spodumene turns into γ-spodumene between 700 and 900 • C before transitioning into β-spodumene between 900 and 950 • C [81]. This would mean a decrease in the energy necessary to decrepitate the spodumene but does not consider the amount of energy needed to grind the material.…”

Section: Conversion Processes Of Spodumenementioning

confidence: 99%

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

et al. 2019

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This literature review gives an overview of the lithium industry, including the lithium market, global resources, and processes of lithium compounds production. It focuses on the production of lithium compounds from spodumene minerals. Spodumene is one of the most critical minerals nowadays, due to its high lithium content and high rate of extraction. Lithium is one of the most sought-after metals, due to the ever-growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). The data on lithium extraction from minerals is scattered through years of patents, journal articles, and proceedings; hence, requiring an in-depth review, including the comprehension of the spodumene phase system, the phase conversion processes, and the lithium extraction processes.

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“…[9][10][11] This polymorph is also formed when the mechanically activated a phase is annealed at temperatures between 700 1C and 900 1C. [11][12][13] Like b-spodumene, g-spodumene is absent in nature but it can be produced relatively easily from melts. 14 It has hexagonal symmetry with Si and Al occupying the centre of tetrahedrons; its density is 2400 kg m À3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situsynchrotron XRD analysis of the kinetics of spodumene phase transitions

Moore

Mann

Montoya

et al. 2018

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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The phase transition by thermal activation of natural α-spodumene was followed by in situ synchrotron XRD in the temperature range 896 to 940 °C. We observed both β- and γ-spodumene as primary products in approximately equal proportions. The rate of the α-spodumene inversion is first order and highly sensitive to temperature (apparent activation energy ∼800 kJ mol-1). The γ-spodumene product is itself metastable, forming β-spodumene, with the total product mass fraction ratio fγ/fβ decreasing as the conversion of α-spodumene continues. We found the relationship between the product yields and the degree of conversion of α-spodumene to be the same at all temperatures in the range studied. A model incorporating first order kinetics of the α- and γ-phase inversions with invariant rate constant ratio describes the results accurately. Theoretical phonon analysis of the three phases indicates that the γ phase contains crystallographic instabilities, whilst the α and β phases do not.

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Mechanical activation of α-spodumene for further processing into lithium compounds

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

α→γ→β-phase transformation of spodumene with hybrid microwave and conventional furnaces

α→γ→β-phase transformation of spodumene with hybrid microwave and conventional furnaces

Spodumene: The Lithium Market, Resources and Processes

In situsynchrotron XRD analysis of the kinetics of spodumene phase transitions

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