Mechanical Alloying Integrated with Cold Spray Coating for Fabrication Cu50(Ti50−xNix), x; 10, 20, 30, and 40 at.% Antibiofilm Metallic Glass Coated/SUS304 Sheets

Abstract

Antibacterial agents derived from conventional organic compounds have traditionally been employed as a biofilm protective coating for many years. These agents, on the other hand, often include toxic components that are potentially hazardous to humans. Multiple approaches have been investigated over the last two decades, including the use of various metallic and oxide materials, in order to produce a diverse variety of usable coating layers. When it comes to material coating approaches, the cold spray technique, which is a solid-state method that works well with nanopowders, has shown superior performance. Its capacity to produce unique material coating in ways that are not possible with other thermal methods is the primary reason for its importance in contemporary production. The present work has been addressed in part to explore the possibility of employing mechanically alloyed Cu50(Ti50−xNix)x; x = 10, 20, 30, and 40 at.% metallic glass powders, for producing an antibiofilm/SUS304 surface protective coating, using the cold spray approach. In this study, elemental Cu, Ti, and Ni powders were low-energy ball milled for 100 h to fabricate metallic glassy powders with different Ni contents. The as-prepared metallic glassy powders were utilized to coat SUS304 sheets, using the cold spraying process. With high nanohardness values, the as-fabricated coating material, in particular Cu50Ti20Ni30, demonstrated remarkable performance in comparison to other materials in its class. Furthermore, it displayed excellent wear resistance while maintaining a low coefficient of friction, with values ranging from 0.32 to 0.45 in the tested range. E. coli biofilms were formed on 20 mm2 SUS304 sheet coated coupons, which had been injected with 1.5 108 CFU mL−1 of the bacterium. With the use of nanocrystalline Cu-based powders, it is feasible to achieve considerable biofilm inhibition, which is a practical strategy for accomplishing the suppression of biofilm formation.

Cold Spray Coatings of Complex Concentrated Alloys: Critical Assessment of Milestones, Challenges, and Opportunities

“…The milling process reduced the particle sizes and offered some mixing, whereas the cold spray was used to deposit the coatings on austenite stainless steel substrate. The 50Cu-20Ti-30Ni and 51Cu-17Ti-13Ni coatings had the best wear resistance and relatively low coefficient of friction (0.32-0.45), with ~50% reduction in friction coefficient on 304 steel substrate (Figure 7) [163]. The coating sufficiently inhibited the formation of biofilm, thus being a promising coating for biomedical applications.…”

“…Binary 50Cu-50Zr [146] and ternary Cu-Ti-Ni BMG cold spray coating systems have been studied for biomedical applications [163]. In the case of the equiatomic binary Cu-Zr coatings, the gas temperature was critical for the deposition efficiency.…”

“…The BMG coatings of 50Cu-50-x(Ti)-xNi were produced from low-energy ball milling (mechanical alloying) and cold spray [163]. The milling process reduced the particle sizes and offered some mixing, whereas the cold spray was used to deposit the coatings on austenite stainless steel substrate.…”

“…The cold sprayed coating had relatively high hardness of ~333 HV compared to the APS technique, which had a hardness of ~273 HV. This is due to dynamic recrystallization at highly deformed regions resulting from the plastic deformation, increased dislocation density coupled with numerous grain boundaries [19,51,84,86,163,187], and their interactions with various microstructural features and defects (Figure 16). The effect of the overarching mechanisms for adhesion and cohesion, which is metallurgical interlocking, was a contributing factor (Figure 17).…”

Synthesis, and characterization of metallic glassy Cu–Zr–Ni powders decorated with big cube Zr2Ni nanoparticles for potential antibiofilm coating applications

“…For depositing the appropriate surface protective layer with a thickness ranging from a few micrometers (below 10–20 µm) to more than 30 µm and even several millimeters, many methodologies and technologies may be applied. Overall, coating processes can be divided into two categories: (i) wet coating approaches, which include electroplating, electroless plating, and hot-dip galvanizing methods, and (ii) dry coating approaches, which include brazing, weld overlays, physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), thermal spray techniques, and most recently cold spray technique 24 (Fig. 1 d).…”