Coastal sediments in the proximity of wastewater and emergency outfalls are often sinks of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic and inorganic contaminants that are likely to affect the microbial community. The metabolites of these contaminants affect microbial diversity and their metabolic processes, resulting in undesirable effects on ecosystem functioning, thus necessitating the need to understand their composition and functions. In the present investigation, we studied the metagenomes of 12 coastal surface sediments through whole genome shot-gun sequencing. Taxonomic binning of the genes predicted about 86% as bacteria, 1% as archaea, >0.001% as viruses and Eukaryota, and 12% as other communities. The dominant bacterial, archaeal, and fungal genera were Woeseia, Nitrosopumilus, and Rhizophagus, respectively. The most prevalent viral families were Myoviridae and Siphoviridae, and the T4 virus was the most dominant bacteriophage. The unigenes further aligned to 26 clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) and five carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) classes. Glycoside hydrolases (GH) and glycoside transferase (GT) were the highest-recorded CAzymes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) level 3 functions were subjugated by purine metabolism > ABC transporters > oxidative phosphorylation > two-component system > pyrimidine metabolism > pyruvate metabolism > quorum sensing > carbon fixation pathways > ribosomes > and glyoxalate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Sequences allying with plasmids, integrons, insertion sequences and antibiotic-resistance genes were also observed. Both the taxonomies and functional abundances exhibited variation in relative abundances, with limited spatial variability (ANOVA p > 0.05; ANOSIM-0.05, p > 0.05). This study underlines the dominant microbial communities and functional genes in the marine sediments of Kuwait as a baseline for future biomonitoring programs.
This study was conducted at one of the largest poultry companies in Kuwait during November and December 2019 to evaluate the microbiological threats of Escherichia coli (APEC), Salmonella spp., and Aspergillus fumigatus to chickens in fattening houses by counting and identifying the microorganisms by culturing and pyrosequencing analysis. During the fattening cycle, the temperature and humidity ranged between 23.6°C and 29°C and 64.1% and 87.1%, respectively. The total bacterial population and Aspergillus fumigatus measured in the indoor and outdoor air exhibited a linear relationship during the fattening cycle. The total bacterial and Aspergillus concentrations determined during the cycle ranged between 150 and 2000 CFU/m3 and 0 and 1000 CFU/m3, respectively. E. coli and Salmonella spp. concentrations determined during the cycle ranged between 1 and 220 CFU/m3 and 4 and 110 CFU/m3, respectively. Pyrosequencing analysis of the air inside the houses at the end of the cycle revealed extensive biodiversity in the microorganisms, detecting 32 bacterial genera and 14 species. The identified species belonging to the genera Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Aspergillus were identified as potentially affecting human and broiler health. The emission of potentially pathogenic bacteria to the outdoor environment from chicken housing can pose a considerable risk to human health and environmental microbial pollution. This study could guide the development of integrated control devices for monitoring microbes in broiler production facilities during chicken collection for transport to slaughterhouses.
Antibacterial agents derived from conventional organic compounds have traditionally been employed as a biofilm protective coating for many years. These agents, on the other hand, often include toxic components that are potentially hazardous to humans. Multiple approaches have been investigated over the last two decades, including the use of various metallic and oxide materials, in order to produce a diverse variety of usable coating layers. When it comes to material coating approaches, the cold spray technique, which is a solid-state method that works well with nanopowders, has shown superior performance. Its capacity to produce unique material coating in ways that are not possible with other thermal methods is the primary reason for its importance in contemporary production. The present work has been addressed in part to explore the possibility of employing mechanically alloyed Cu50(Ti50−xNix)x; x = 10, 20, 30, and 40 at.% metallic glass powders, for producing an antibiofilm/SUS304 surface protective coating, using the cold spray approach. In this study, elemental Cu, Ti, and Ni powders were low-energy ball milled for 100 h to fabricate metallic glassy powders with different Ni contents. The as-prepared metallic glassy powders were utilized to coat SUS304 sheets, using the cold spraying process. With high nanohardness values, the as-fabricated coating material, in particular Cu50Ti20Ni30, demonstrated remarkable performance in comparison to other materials in its class. Furthermore, it displayed excellent wear resistance while maintaining a low coefficient of friction, with values ranging from 0.32 to 0.45 in the tested range. E. coli biofilms were formed on 20 mm2 SUS304 sheet coated coupons, which had been injected with 1.5 108 CFU mL−1 of the bacterium. With the use of nanocrystalline Cu-based powders, it is feasible to achieve considerable biofilm inhibition, which is a practical strategy for accomplishing the suppression of biofilm formation.
Biofilms, are significant component that contributes to the development of chronic infections, especially when medical devices are involved. This issue offers a huge challenge for the medical community since standard antibiotics are only capable of eradicating biofilms to a very limited degree. The prevention of biofilm formation have led to the development of a variety of coating methods and new materials. These methods are intended to coat surfaces in such a way as to inhibit the formation of biofilm. Metallic glassy alloys, in particular, alloys that include copper and titanium metals have gained popularity as desirable antibacterial coating. Meanwhile, there has been a rise in the use of the cold spray coating technique due to the fact that it is a proper approach for processing temperature-sensitive materials. The present study was carried out in part with the intention of developing a new antibiofilm metallic glassy consisting of ternary Cu–Zr–Ni using mechanical alloying technique. The spherical powders that comprised the end-product were utilized as feedstock materials for cold spray coatings to stainless steel surfaces at low temperature. When compared to stainless steel, substrates coated with metallic glassy were able to significantly reduce the formation of biofilm by at least one log.
Surface engineering is concerned with the design and modification of the surfaces of bulk materials in order to give certain physical, chemical, and technical qualities that were not intrinsically included in the original bulk materials. Metallic glassy alloys containing copper and titanium, have lately emerged as desired antibacterial coating materials that may be used as protective coating. Cold spray coating method is an ideal process for temperature sensitive materials. The present investigation aim to develop a novel antibiofilm compound consisting of ternary Cu-Zr-Ni metallic glassy powders. At a temperature that was slightly higher than their glass transition temperatures, the spherical powders that made up the final product were used as feed stock materials for cold spray coatings applied to stainless steel substrates. It was discovered that the presence of the supercooled liquid region in the powders made the cold spray process more efficient, which ultimately led to the development of a technique of adhesion that was unparalleled in its efficiency. In addition, as compared to stainless steel by itself, the substrates that had been coated with metallic glassy were able to considerably suppress the development of E. coli colonies by at least one log
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