Mechanical and Processing Properties of Rice Grains

Kruszelnicka, Weronika; Marczuk, A.; Kasner, Robert; Bałdowska-Witos, Patrycja; Piotrowska, Katarzyna; Flizikowski, J.; Tomporowski, A.

doi:10.3390/su12020552

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The results of the analyses indicate that the rice and corn grinding processes differ in terms of yield, power consumption, fragmentation degree, unit energy consumption, and integrated energy consumption. In the case of corn, the process of grinding has more of a random character, which is mostly the result of the large differentiation of the grains of one species, which was also observed in other tests [20,28,85]. Hence, the match of models of unit energy consumption, yield, and fragmentation degree as a function of corn grinding speed increases, and subsequently, the models of the integrated energy consumption, which include the above-listed components, is rather poor.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Integrated Energy Consumption Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

The Integrated Energy Consumption Index for Energy Biomass Grinding Technology Assessment

et al. 2020

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The assessment of engineering objects in terms of energy consumption is an important part of sustainable development. Many materials, including those from the energy sector, need to undergo earlier processing, e.g., grinding. Grinding processes still demand a significant amount of energy, whereas current energy assessment methods do not take into account important parameters of the process, which makes it difficult to choose their optimal values. The study presents the analysis, testing, and assessment of mechanical engineering systems in terms of the energy consumption involved in the grinding of biomass intended for energy production purposes. A testing methodology was developed to improve the parameters of multi-disc grinding, including the reduction of energy consumption, power input, product quality improvement, and process efficiency. An original model of integrated energy consumption was developed. Tests were carried out on a five-disc grinder for five programs to assess the programmable angular speeds of the grinder discs. Output values, including specific energy demand, fragmentation degree, and integrated energy consumption, were assigned to each testing program. The test results were subjected to statistical analysis. Based on the authors' own research, it was found that the angular speed of the discs and, consequently, the linear speed of the grinding blades, have a significant influence on the values of the integrated energy consumption of the preliminary process.Acquiring energy from biomass requires its earlier preparation: drying, grinding, palletizing, etc. [7]. These procedures require certain energy inputs (costs) which significantly decrease the energy and environmental balance in the entire lifecycle of the energy material (wood, grain biomass, etc.) [8][9][10][11][12][13]. According to the idea of sustainable development concerning the design of systems, devices, and processes, in three areas-the environment, society, and economy-the biomass processing lines should be characterized by the lowest possible energy consumption and environmental impact [14,15]. It also aims to improve the competitiveness of biomass fuels in relation to conventional fossil fuels [16,17].Before being used for energy purposes, energy media need to be properly prepared, e.g., their dimensions need to be reduced by means of grinding [2]. Roller, drum, ball, hammer, and disc mills are used to grind granular biomaterials (biomass grains) [7,18]. Tests have shown that the best relations between product quality, yield, and grinding energy consumption occur for hammer and disc mills [2,7]. The quality of the grinding product is most often determined by the grinding degree, which is defined as the ratio of the characteristic dimensions of the particles before and after size reduction [19,20]. Other indicators, e.g., bulk density, grain size distribution, specific surface area, energy value, and their relationship with the comminution process, are also important from the point of view of the final product quality [4,[21][22]...

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Section: Analysis Of the Integrated Energy Consumption Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

The Integrated Energy Consumption Index for Energy Biomass Grinding Technology Assessment

et al. 2020

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“…that in each study a different variety was used, the grains came from different regions with different cultivation cultures, moreover, different test methods were used, one can expect a variety of results in terms of forces and energy, which are presented in Figures 9 and 10. Only in work [53], when determining energy and forces, strains, and stresses, the ASAE S368.4 [72] standard was followed, similarly to this work, and it should be stated that the results of compression forces and energy are similar in both tests (in [53] and in this study). When analyzing the influence of individual factors, it should be indicated that the use of higher loading speeds during compression tests will reduce the accuracy of the results and may lead to a situation, in which the presence of the point of inflection and bioyield point on the force-deformation curve will not be registered and may cause the omission of the moment of grain breakage, which may result in that rather than the force corresponding to fracture.…”

Section: Strength Properties and Fracture Energymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Grain weight m was determined using an analytical scale AS 220/C/2 (RADWAG, Radom, Poland) with an accuracy level equal to ±0.001 g. Based on the values of grain mass m and its true density ρ T = 1.2 g·cm −3 [ 70 , 71 ], true volume V T [ 44 , 72 ] was calculated: V T = m / ρ T …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Selected Physical-Mechanical Properties of Corn Grains Important from the Point of View of Mechanical Processing Systems Designing

Kruszelnicka

2021

Materials

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Mechanical properties of corn grains are of key importance in a design of processing machines whose energy demand depends on these properties. The aim of this study is to determine the selected mechanical properties of corn grains and the rupture energy. The research problem was formulated as questions: (1) How much force and energy is needed to induce a rupture of corn grain maintaining good quality of the product of processing (mixing, grinding transport)? (2) Can empirical distributions of the studied physical-mechanical properties be described by means of probability distributions provided by the literature? (3) Is there a relationship between the corn grain size and the selected mechanical properties, as well as rupture energy? In order to achieve the goals, the selected physical properties (size, volume) of corn grains have been distinguished and a static compression test has been carried out on an Instron 5966 testing machine. The results indicate a significant scatter of the results in terms of size, grain shape, forces, energy, and deformation corresponding to the point of inflection, bioyiled point, and rupture point. It has also been indicated that empirical distributions of the analyzed properties can be described by means of distributions known from the literature, e.g., gamma, Weibull or lognormal distributions. It has been confirmed that mechanical properties such as force, energy, and stress that cause rupture depend on the grain size, more precisely, the grain thickness—there are negative relations between thickness and force, energy and stress in relation to the point of inflection, bioyiled point, and rupture point.

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“…In the previous studies [ 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 ], many indicators of shredding processes, for instance efficiency, production yield, unit energy consumption, and product quality, have been described and analyzed. To determine the values of mentioned indicators, some specific tests and experiments should be conducted.…”

Section: Development Of Shredding In Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Efficient Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding in Recycling Processes

2021

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Recently, a dynamic increase in the number of polymer elements ending their life cycle has been observed. There are three main ways of dealing with polymer waste: reuse in an unchanged form, recycling (both material and energy), and disposal (mainly in the form of landfilling or incineration). The legislation of European countries promotes in particular two forms of waste management: reuse and recycling. Recycling processes are used to recover materials and energy especially from contaminated waste, which are structurally changed by other materials, friction, temperature, machine, process, etc. The recycling of polymers, especially of multi-plastic structural elements, requires the use of special technological installations and a series of preparatory operations, including crushing and separating. Due to the universality and necessity of materials processing in recycling engineering, in particular size reduction, the aim of this study is to organize and systematize knowledge about shredding in the recycling process of end-of-life polymeric materials. This could help properly design these processes in the context of sustainable development and circular economy. Firstly, an overview of the possibilities of end-of-life plastics management was made, and the meaning of shredding in the end-of-life pathways was described. Then, the development of comminution in recycling processes was presented, with special emphasis given to quasi-cutting as the dominant mode of comminution of polymeric materials. The phenomenon of quasi-cutting, as well as factors related to the material, the operation of the shredding machine, and the technological process affecting it were described. Research conducted on quasi-cutting as a phenomenon when cutting single material samples and quasi-cutting as a machine process was characterized. Then, issues regarding recycling potentials in the context of shredding were systematized. Considerations included the areas of material, technical, energy, human, and control potentials. Presented bases and models can be used to support the innovation of creative activities, i.e., environmentally friendly actions, that produce specific positive environmental results in the mechanical processing of recycled and reused materials. The literature survey indicates the need to explore the environmental aspect of the shredding process in recycling and connect the shredding process variables with environmental consequences. This will help to design and control the processes to get the lowest possible environmental burdens.

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Mechanical and Processing Properties of Rice Grains

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

The Integrated Energy Consumption Index for Energy Biomass Grinding Technology Assessment

The Integrated Energy Consumption Index for Energy Biomass Grinding Technology Assessment

Study of Selected Physical-Mechanical Properties of Corn Grains Important from the Point of View of Mechanical Processing Systems Designing

The Development of Efficient Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding in Recycling Processes

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