Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures

Sethi, Sanghamitra; Ray, Bankim Chandra

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35335-2_4

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 96 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Fiber reinforced polymer composites are sensitive to temperature variations as a result of induced thermal stresses between the fibers and polymer matrix [88] which arises due to their distinct thermal expansion coefficients. Researchers [85,87,89,90] stated that the difference in contractions of fiber and matrix on cooling is also suspected to increase the residual stresses at the fiber/matrix interface, and then result in local micro-cracking and reduced tensile strength. Also at elevated temperatures, differential thermal expansion of fiber and matrix may lead to the formation of microcracks at the fiber/polymer interface [91,92].…”

Section: Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bonded repair of composite structures in aerospace application: a review on environmental issues

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionOutstanding properties of fiber reinforced polymer composite materials, lead to a wide application in all the sectors such as aerospace, automotive, marine, sports industries and even in the civil infrastructures, etc. Since the last decades, an enormous use of composite materials in the aerospace sector has caused an increasing need for repair technology of damaged component rather than replacement with a new component [1][2][3][4]. Composite structures in service experience damage that comes from the accidental impact and mechanical or environmental condition [5,6]. The main environmental threats are related to the effect of temperature and moisture absorption, which can affect the strength of composite structures and reduce their service life [4,7,8]. The temperature and moisture levels could vary throughout the day (see Fig. 1), from take off to the landing or vice versa, during seasonal change or geographical difference [9]. This cyclic temperature and moisture could even further deteriorate the structures and then lead to premature failure of the structure. AbstractOver the last two decades, the repair of existing engineering structures using fiber reinforced polymer composites has attracted a great attention by aerospace industry, as it is more economical than replacing new. With an increased use of composite material in aerospace field, it is thus essential to restore the structural integrity by repair of damaged part. Concerns regarding the long term durability of composite repair bonded joints have been a major obstacle for critical component of aerospace structures. This paper reviews the current research on the environmental durability of adhesive bonded repair of composite structures to focus on the durability concerns and suggestion on the research needed in this area. The most important environmental factors (moisture and temperature) are reviewed thoroughly and also combined environmental effect. Finite element methods used to predict the environmental influence on the composite bonded joints are briefly reviewed. Finally, the paper concludes with key findings, opportunities and future research topics in order to develop cost effective, better quality and reliable composite repair bonded joints.

show abstract

Section: Composite Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bonded repair of composite structures in aerospace application: a review on environmental issues

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Composite materials have higher strength and lower density and have the potential to reduce weight by 25% compared with aluminum alloy tanks [26]. As a cryogenic liquid storage and transportation container, the cryogenic properties of composites have attracted extensive attention, and a large number of literatures have been reviewed in detail in recent years [54][55][56][57][58][59]. The low temperature mechanical properties of composites are affected by resin, fiber, and the interface.…”

Section: Cryogenic Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of Cryogenic Materials for Storage and Transportation of Liquid Hydrogen

Qiu

Yang²,

Tong

et al. 2021

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Liquid hydrogen is the main fuel of large-scale low-temperature heavy-duty rockets, and has become the key direction of energy development in China in recent years. As an important application carrier in the large-scale storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen, liquid hydrogen cryogenic storage and transportation containers are the key equipment related to the national defense security of China’s aerospace and energy fields. Due to the low temperature of liquid hydrogen (20 K), special requirements have been put forward for the selection of materials for storage and transportation containers including the adaptability of materials in a liquid hydrogen environment, hydrogen embrittlement characteristics, mechanical properties, and thermophysical properties of liquid hydrogen temperature, which can all affect the safe and reliable design of storage and transportation containers. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to systematically master the types and properties of cryogenic materials for the development of liquid hydrogen storage and transportation containers. With the wide application of liquid hydrogen in different occasions, the requirements for storage and transportation container materials are not the same. In this paper, the types and applications of cryogenic materials commonly used in liquid hydrogen storage and transportation containers are reviewed. The effects of low-temperature on the mechanical properties of different materials are introduced. The research progress of cryogenic materials and low-temperature performance data of materials is introduced. The shortcomings in the research and application of cryogenic materials for liquid hydrogen storage and transportation containers are summarized to provide guidance for the future development of container materials. Among them, stainless steel is the most widely used cryogenic material for liquid hydrogen storage and transportation vessel, but different grades of stainless steel also have different applications, which usually need to be comprehensively considered in combination with its low temperature performance, corrosion resistance, welding performance, and other aspects. However, with the increasing demand for space liquid hydrogen storage and transportation, the research on high specific strength cryogenic materials such as aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, or composite materials is also developing. Aluminum alloy liquid hydrogen storage and transportation containers are widely used in the space field, while composite materials have significant advantages in being lightweight. Hydrogen permeation is the key bottleneck of composite storage and transportation containers. At present, there are still many technical problems that have not been solved.

show abstract

“…To efficiently develop high-performance epoxy–glass laminates for cryogenic applications, it is necessary to be aware and understand the mechanical and thermal behaviors of composite materials at cryogenic temperatures and how their cryogenic properties are affected by factors such as the content of hardener, filler, and type of matrix [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In the scientific literature [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], researchers have repeatedly emphasized the critical role of polymer matrix composite materials, which are widely used in various industries due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and ease of manufacturing complex forms [ 13 ]. More advanced composite structures are used in the aerospace industry, exposed to extreme temperatures ranging from −170 °C to 200 °C [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Duroplastic Matrix Composites over a Range of Temperatures

Krzak,

Nowak,

Heljak

et al. 2024

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is commonly acknowledged that polymer composites in service are often subjected to not only intricate mechanical loads but also harsh environmental conditions. The mechanical and thermal properties of five particular composites are explored here. The composites are composed of laminates of glass cloth type “E” sheet infilled with a duroplastic matrix. This is a thermoset polymer—epoxy resin with different molecular weights. The composites were fabricated by IZOERG company, which is based in Poland. The final articles were 1.5 mm thick by 60 cm long and 30 cm wide, with the glass layers arranged parallel to the thickness. Young’s modulus and tensile strength were measured at room temperature. Using the thermal analysis of dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA), the values of the storage modulus and the loss modulus were determined, and the damping factor was used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg). It was revealed that the nature of changes in the storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor of composite materials depends on the type of epoxy resin used. Thermal expansion is a crucial parameter when choosing a material for application in cryogenic conditions. Thanks to the TMA method, thermal expansion coefficients for composite materials were determined. The results show that the highest value of the coefficient of thermal expansion leads the laminate EP_4_2 based on brominated epoxy resin cured with novolac P. Duroplastic composites were characterized at cryogenic temperatures, and the results are interesting for developing cryogenic applications, including electric motors, generators, magnets, and other devices.

show abstract

Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures

Cited by 7 publications

References 96 publications

Bonded repair of composite structures in aerospace application: a review on environmental issues

Bonded repair of composite structures in aerospace application: a review on environmental issues

Research Progress of Cryogenic Materials for Storage and Transportation of Liquid Hydrogen

Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Duroplastic Matrix Composites over a Range of Temperatures

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About