Oral administration is advantageous
compared to the commonly used
parenteral administration for local therapeutic uses of biologics
or mucosal vaccines, since it can specifically target the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract. It offers better patient compliance, even though the general
use of such a delivery route is often limited by potential drug degradation
in the GI tract and poor absorption. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA)
and lysozyme as two model proteins, we studied their solid-state properties,
mechanical properties, and tabletability as well as effects of compaction
pressure, particle size, and humidity on protein degradation. It was
found that BSA and lysozyme are highly hygroscopic, and their tablet
manufacturability (powder caking, punch sticking, and tablet lamination)
is sensitive to the humidity. BSA and lysozyme exhibited high plasticity
and excellent tabletability and remained amorphous at high pressure
and humidity. As for protein stability, lysozyme was resistant to
high pressure (up to 300 MPa) and high humidity (up to 93%). In contrast,
BSA underwent aggregation upon compression, an effect that was more
pronounced for smaller BSA particles. High humidity accelerated the
aggregation of BSA during incubation, but it did not further synergize
with mechanical stress to induce protein degradation. Thus, compression
can potentially induce protein aggregation, but this effect is protein-dependent.
Therefore, strategies (e.g., the use of excipients, optimized manufacturing
processes) to inhibit protein degradation should be explored before
their tablet dosage form development.