Mechanical integrity of hybrid indium-free electrodes for flexible devices

Dauzou, Fabien; Bouten, P.C.P.; Dabirian, Ali; Leterrier, Y.; Ballif, Christophe; Morales‐Masis, Monica

doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2016.05.016

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In this comparison, we have also included the case of a zinc tin oxide (ZTO) combined with metal grids embedded on a polymer matrix. [156] ZTO is an amorphous TCO, with sufficient conductivity to be utilized in combination with metal grids as the anode in large-area flexible OLEDs. In fact, it was demonstrated that with the same type of metal grids, ZTO devices performed better than the reference ITO OLEDs.…”

Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For such applications, hybrid electrodes based on ZTO and metal grids may offer a better alternative. [156] However, in rigid top-emitting LEDs, ZnO:B, when grown by LPCVD, has the additional advantage of an intrinsic pyramidal surface texture with known light scattering properties, [137] improving light out coupling. [158] TCO/metal/TCO stacks and Ag NWs are on par in our FOM comparison.…”

Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

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364

288

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With the development of new generations of optoelectronic devices that combine high performance and novel functionalities (e.g., flexibility/bendability, adaptability, semi or full transparency), several classes of transparent electrodes have been developed in recent years. These range from optimized transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), which are historically the most commonly used transparent electrodes, to new electrodes made from nano‐ and 2D materials (e.g., metal nanowire networks and graphene), and to hybrid electrodes that integrate TCOs or dielectrics with nanowires, metal grids, or ultrathin metal films. Here, the most relevant transparent electrodes developed to date are introduced, their fundamental properties are described, and their materials are classified according to specific application requirements in high efficiency solar cells and flexible organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This information serves as a guideline for selecting and developing appropriate transparent electrodes according to intended application requirements and functionality.

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Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transparent Electrodes As Front Electrodes In Oledsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Morales‐Masis

Wolf

Woods‐Robinson

et al. 2017

Adv Elect Materials

Self Cite

364

288

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show abstract

“…This was attributed to the polycrystalline nature of AZO, where a high density of grain boundaries was claimed to function as crack initiators, in contrast to the amorphous ZTO without grain boundaries. 194 A low sheet resistance of 8.8 U sq À1 and a transmittance of 82% in the visible region have been achieved with a stack of ZTO (20 nm)/Ag (8 nm)/ZTO (39 nm), resulting in a Haacke gure of merit about an order of magnitude better than that of ITO. In this comparison, the ITO layer (thickness: 60 nm) had been prepared under identical temperature conditions to those of the ZTO/Ag/ZTO, i.e.…”

Section: Metal-oxide/metal/metal-oxide Sandwich Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal-nanostructures – a modern and powerful platform to create transparent electrodes for thin-film photovoltaics

Zilberberg

Riedl

2016

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“… 12 Furthermore, this microstructure remains stable up to temperatures as high as 550 °C. 11 , 13 Because of these properties, ZTO has already been applied as a transparent contact in organic light-emitting diodes, 12 , 14 as a channel in thin film transistors, 15 , 16 and as a recombination layer in silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells. 17 Theoretical and experimental evidence suggests that the presence of oxygen deficiencies in ZTO creates both shallow and deep sub-gap states, with the latter acting as absorption centers in the visible part of the spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

New Route for “Cold-Passivation” of Defects in Tin-Based Oxides

et al. 2018

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Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are essential in technologies coupling light and electricity. For Sn-based TCOs, oxygen deficiencies and undercoordinated Sn atoms result in an extended density of states below the conduction band edge. Although shallow states provide free carriers necessary for electrical conductivity, deeper states inside the band gap are detrimental to transparency. In zinc tin oxide (ZTO), the overall optoelectronic properties can be improved by defect passivation via annealing at high temperatures. Yet, the high thermal budget associated with such treatment is incompatible with many applications. Here, we demonstrate an alternative, low-temperature passivation method, which relies on cosputtering Sn-based TCOs with silicon dioxide (SiO2). Using amorphous ZTO and amorphous/polycrystalline tin dioxide (SnO2) as representative cases, we demonstrate through optoelectronic characterization and density functional theory simulations that the SiO2 contribution is twofold. First, oxygen from SiO2 passivates the oxygen deficiencies that form deep defects in SnO2 and ZTO. Second, the ionization energy of the remaining deep defect centers is lowered by the presence of silicon atoms. Remarkably, we find that these ionized states do not contribute to sub-gap absorptance. This simple passivation scheme significantly improves the optical properties without affecting the electrical conductivity, hence overcoming the known transparency–conductivity trade-off in Sn-based TCOs.

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Mechanical integrity of hybrid indium-free electrodes for flexible devices

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Transparent Electrodes for Efficient Optoelectronics

Metal-nanostructures – a modern and powerful platform to create transparent electrodes for thin-film photovoltaics

New Route for “Cold-Passivation” of Defects in Tin-Based Oxides

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