2011
DOI: 10.1002/mame.201100164
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Mechanical Investigations on Agar Gels Using Atomic Force Microscopy: Effect of Deuteration

Abstract: The isotopic effect of exchanging deuterium with hydrogen on the mechanical and surface properties of agar gel is examined. The elastic modulus of the D2O gels obtained by AFM nanoindentation is significantly higher (factor of ≈1.5–2) than the modulus found in H2O agar gels. Furthermore, the modulus is independent of loading rate. Surface imaging reveals that the surface roughness gets progressively smaller with increasing agar concentration. All these data suggest that the isotopic replacement of deuterium en… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…By contrast, diving was observed in softer gels with an agarose percentage that ranged between 0.1% and 0.6%. This result is consistent with the behavior of D. melanogaster in tomato slices where larvae demonstrated a marked preference to dig into the soft part of the fruit (hardness inferior to 1% agarose), while avoiding the harder part of the fruit (hardness superior to 2% agarose, Grant et al, 2012 ; Li et al, 2012 ) ( Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 1 ). In very soft gels with an agarose percentage of 0.05%, the insufficient friction precluded efficient motion and posed the risk of drowning ( Figure 3A and Figure 3—figure supplement 1 ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 87%
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“…By contrast, diving was observed in softer gels with an agarose percentage that ranged between 0.1% and 0.6%. This result is consistent with the behavior of D. melanogaster in tomato slices where larvae demonstrated a marked preference to dig into the soft part of the fruit (hardness inferior to 1% agarose), while avoiding the harder part of the fruit (hardness superior to 2% agarose, Grant et al, 2012 ; Li et al, 2012 ) ( Figure 1 and Figure 1—figure supplement 1 ). In very soft gels with an agarose percentage of 0.05%, the insufficient friction precluded efficient motion and posed the risk of drowning ( Figure 3A and Figure 3—figure supplement 1 ).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Building on our observation that larvae display a strong preference for the softer internal layer of tomato slices ( Figure 1A and A’ , Figure 1—figure supplement 1 ), we investigated the effects of the stiffness of the substrate on diving behavior ( Figure 3 ). We took advantage of the fact that the stiffness of an agarose gel is proportional to the percentage of agarose mixed with water ( Grant et al, 2012 ). In low-percentage agarose gels (0.05% w/v), surfacing was the dominant behavioral mode in D. melanogaster ( Figure 3A ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In the case of the extracted polysaccharide fraction solution, the pseudoplastic behavior is likely due to the rupture of the double helix structure present in agarans [65] . Additionally, the fact that this rupture only occurs above a certain value of tension (t crit ) [65] is in agreement with the two-region pattern observed in the flow curves, with constant viscosity at low shear rates (Newtonian plateau) and shear-thinning behavior at higher ones. The higher the polysaccharide concentration, the lower the upper limit of the Newtonian plateau because an increase in viscosity causes t crit be reached at lower values of shear rate.…”
Section: Rheological Characterizationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This set-up has been commonly used to calculate the elastic moduli of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films 19 , collagen fibrils 20 and agar gels 21 . Accurate modulus values using AFM nanoindentation techniques were found when indenting a reference elastomer surface with known mechanical properties 22 .…”
Section: Equationmentioning
confidence: 99%