“…Thus, bimetallic joints [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] are necessary, especially in a vacuum [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] and cryogenic systems [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Because of the unique combination of distinct properties, copper/stainless-steel bimetals are in great demand [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Stainless steel (SS) combines high strength, low thermal diffusivity, reasonable ductility, and eliminates ductile-to-brittle transitional behaviour.…”