Mechanical Periodontal Therapy Recovered the Phagocytic Function of Monocytes in Periodontitis

Abstract

Background. Several studies have focused on the association between periodontitis and systemic implications; however, the biological mechanisms of the immune responses before and after periodontal therapy involved in this relationship, such as phagocytic functions, remain unclear. Objectives. This study aimed to investigate whether periodontal treatment improves the phagocytic function of blood monocytes in patients with severe periodontitis. Materials and Methods. A nonrandomized sample of 55 participants was enrolled in the study. Two groups were studied: control (n = 27, healthy subjects without periodontal disease) and patients (n = 28, individuals with periodontitis). Treatment of periodontitis (scaling and root planing) was performed until the clinical resolution of periodontal pockets and inflammation. The following clinical periodontal parameters were assessed: probing depth, clinical attachment level, visible plaque index (PI), and gingival bleeding on probing index before and after mechanical periodontal treatment. The phagocytic index (PhI) and nitro blue tetrazolium test (NBT) were assessed before and immediately after the end of treatment. Results. Periodontitis induced impaired phagocytosis by monocytes. Phagocytosis at baseline was significantly lower in periodontitis patients [median, 13.2 (range of 7.1 to 20.8) and 60.7 (40.6 to 88.6)] than in controls [27.4 (15.5 to 40.5)] and 98 (68.2 to 122.9)] for nonsensitized or sensitized samples, respectively. After supportive therapy, patients showed a significant enhancement of phagocytic functions [33.7 (14.6 to 53.2) and 108.5 (99.6 to 159.5)] for nonsensitized and sensitized samples, respectively. Periodontal treatment increased the phagocytic capacity to a level similar to that observed in the control group and improved the capacity of phagocytes to produce superoxide anion. Conclusions. The results suggest that periodontal therapy in patients with severe periodontitis provides a state of homeostasis due to the reestablishment of phagocytic function and increased production of NBT (Regional Registry No. RBR-24T799; Universal Registry No. U1111-1133-5512).

Circulating inflammatory cell profiling and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Suppressive neutrophils, TLR‐expressing monocyte, immunosenescent cytotoxic T cells, naive, central, and effector memory T cells were affected by periodontal treatment 46,121,123,127 . Further improvement in phagocytic activity, chemotactic response, and ROS production of peripheral blood‐derived cells, including neutrophils and monocytes, was noted 61,62,66,96,131 . Collectively, this suggests a possible causal association between periodontitis and proportion and function of circulating inflammatory cells.…”

“…Proliferative response of T lymphocytes measured by autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was increased after successful periodontal treatment 45,128,130 . The treatment also improved the phagocytic activity of both peripheral blood neutrophils and monocytes 66,131 . Circulating neutrophils and monocytes demonstrated increased chemotactic activity following the intervention 96 .…”

Phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils in patients with periodontitis, whether or not associated to type 2 diabetes

“…Notwithstanding, Carneiro et al 23 observed a significant reduction of phagocyte functions in individuals with periodontitis. In other studies, authors reported that non-surgical periodontal treatment significantly improved the clinical periodontal status of subjects with periodontal disease and resulted in significantly increased phagocytosis of neutrophils 24 and monocytes 25 to levels observed in control subjects. The elevated number of white blood cells has been associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, thrombosis and myocardial ischemia.…”

In-Vitro Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Surfactin-Loaded Nanoparticles for Periodontitis Treatment

“…Besides, organic acids are produced after sugar metabolism by bacterial plaque and it causes pH reduction and tooth demineralization [ 8 ]. As a result, the periodontal tissues are damaged due to the host immune reaction that arises in response to microbes [ 9 ]. Both the innate and adaptive immune system plays a crucial role in the progression of periodontitis.…”

“…It is noted that periodontitis enhances the risk of some other diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases, etc. [ 9 , 12 ]. So, it is necessary to take care of this disease.…”