Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Parts Made of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol

Sepahi, Mohammad; Abusalma, Hisham; Jovanović, Vukica M.; Eisazadeh, Hamid

doi:10.1007/s11665-021-06032-4

Cited by 55 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Before reaching a stable solidified state, the layers experience successive re‐heating and cooling cycles due to the deposition of the successive layer. [ 29 ] At this stage, the filament's temperature remains above the glass transition, and diffusion of molecules at the interfaces occurs, ensuring bonding between layers (Figure 1e). Therefore, thermal history plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of the final part.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the Solar Performance of Building Facades through Polymer 3D Printing: Toward Bespoke Thermo‐Optical Properties

Piccioni

Leschok

Grobe

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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sector accounts for 34% of energy demand and 37% of energy-related CO 2 emissions globally. [2] In buildings, a major portion of the footprint concentrates in the first year of the life cycle and results from embodied emission of material and components. This relative contribution is expected to reach values as high as 50% of the total emissions as energy efficiency in buildings increases. [3] At the moment, despite the continued power sector decarbonization and the adoption of climate-change mitigation policies, buildings remain offtrack to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. [1] Facades constitute the main building boundary between external and internal environments, controlling the flow of energy and matter inside buildings. For this reason, they considerably impact the environmental conditions of indoor spaces, user satisfaction, and operational efficiency. [4] Therefore, improvements in the performance of building facades are critical to meet most of Net Zero Emissions by 2050 scenario reductions in energy use. [5] To meet the performance requirements prescribed by the building codes, advanced facades systems have been proposed, which can tune their behavior in response to variable boundary conditions [6][7][8] and feature smart materials allowing integration of and switching between multiple functionalities. [9][10][11] Apart from the operational Façades are the primary interface controlling the flow of solar energy in buildings and affecting their energy balance and environmental impact. Recently, large-scale 3D printing (3DP) of translucent polymers has been explored as a technique for fabricating façade components with bespoke properties and functionalities. Transmissivity is essential for building facades, as the response to solar radiation is crucial to obtaining comfort and greatly affects electricity and cooling demands. However, it is still unclear how 3DP parameters affect the optical properties of translucent polymers. This study establishes an experimental procedure to relate the optical properties of PETG components to design and 3DP parameters. It is observed that printing parameters control layer deposition, which governs internal light scattering in the layers and overall light transmission. Moreover, the layer resolution determines angle-dependent properties. It is shown that printing parameters can be tuned to obtain tailored optical properties, from high normal transparency (≈90%) to translucency (≈60%), and with a range of haze levels (≈55-97%). These findings present an opportunity for large-scale 3DP of bespoke façades, which can selectively admit or block solar radiation and provide uniform daylighting of a space. In the context of the building sector decarbonization, such components hold great potential for reducing emissions while ensuring occupant comfort.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the Solar Performance of Building Facades through Polymer 3D Printing: Toward Bespoke Thermo‐Optical Properties

Piccioni

Leschok

Grobe

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…The authors studied the appearance of a curved third shape sample as a function of printing temperature and speed and observed pronounced shape memory-affecting behaviour, with the total shape recovery exceeding 96%. These advantages have led researchers to perform investigative works to explore the potential of PETG as an alternative to ABS and PLA, as a filament material [ 46 ]. However, the majority of research efforts dedicated to the FDM printing of PETG parts aimed to analyse the relation between the process parameters and mechanical behaviour of the test specimens [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parametric Modeling and Optimization of Dimensional Error and Surface Roughness of Fused Deposition Modeling Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Parts

et al. 2023

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Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) is a fused deposition modeling (FDM)-compatible material gaining popularity due to its high strength and durability, lower shrinkage with less warping, better recyclability and safer and easier printing. FDM, however, suffers from the drawbacks of limited dimensional accuracy and a poor surface finish. This study describes a first effort to identify printing settings that will overcome these limitations for PETG printing. It aims to understand the influence of print speed, layer thickness, extrusion temperature and raster width on the dimensional errors and surface finish of FDM-printed PETG parts and perform multi-objective parametric optimization to identify optimal settings for high-quality printing. The experiments were performed as per the central composite rotatable design and statistical models were developed using response surface methodology (RSM), whose adequacy was verified using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) models were also developed for response prediction, having a root mean square error of not more than 0.83. For the minimization of surface roughness and dimensional errors, multi-objective optimization using a hybrid RSM and NSGA-II algorithm suggested the following optimal input parameters: print speed = 50 mm/s, layer thickness = 0.1 mm, extrusion temperature = 230 °C and raster width = 0.6 mm. After experimental validation, the predictive performance of the ANFIS (mean percentage error of 9.33%) was found to be superior to that of RSM (mean percentage error of 12.31%).

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“…Some studies in the past have reported the influence of FDM processing parameters on the quality of PETG parts, in which raster angle was identified to play a key role on the part quality. Sepahi et al [ 9 ] used tensile testing to study the influence of five raster angles (0°, 90°, 45°, 0°/90°, +45°/−45°) on FDM parts of ABS, PLA, and PETG. For PETG, the results showed that strength and maximum elongation have the largest and the smallest values with raster angles of 0° and 90°, respectively, and for the other three raster angles, the values for strength and maximum elongation were in the order of [45°/−45°] s > [0°/90°] s > [45°].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of quasi‐static elastic modulus for polyethylene‐terephthalate‐glycol prepared from fused deposition modeling

Cui

Jar

2023

SPE Polymers

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This article is concerned about change of elastic modulus as a function of raster angle used in the fused deposition modeling and applicability of laminate theory to prediction of the elastic modulus. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was used for the experimental testing. In view that PETG shows viscous deformation which was not considered in the laminate theory, quasistatic (QS) component of the elastic modulus was used to examine the applicability of laminate theory, which was achieved by extraction of the QS stress response to deformation through stress relaxation and then finite element modeling of the slope for the load-displacement curve before the relaxation. Two analytical approaches were used to examine the laminate theory. One was known as the mechanics of materials approach that considers matrix properties from the intralayer regions, and the other the elasticity model approach that also considers the interlayer regions. The study found that both approaches provided reasonable estimation of the QS elastic modulus but their values were slightly over the measured values. We provide evidence to suggest that the prediction accuracy could be improved by considering the change of interlayer filament contact with the change of raster angle.

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Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Parts Made of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol

Cited by 55 publications

References 26 publications

Tuning the Solar Performance of Building Facades through Polymer 3D Printing: Toward Bespoke Thermo‐Optical Properties

Tuning the Solar Performance of Building Facades through Polymer 3D Printing: Toward Bespoke Thermo‐Optical Properties

Parametric Modeling and Optimization of Dimensional Error and Surface Roughness of Fused Deposition Modeling Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Parts

Prediction of quasi‐static elastic modulus for polyethylene‐terephthalate‐glycol prepared from fused deposition modeling

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