Mechanical work and power output in running

Fukunaga, Tetsuo; Matsuo, Akifumi; Yuasa, Kagemoto; Fujimatsu, Hiroshi

doi:10.5100/jje.14.165

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…30 In our study, the significant increase in running speed observed during the first 500 m of the 80 and 100 rpm run sessions was associated with a significantly higher stride rate (1.51-1.52 Hz) than in the 60 rpm run session (1.48 Hz). The relation between stride rate and cycling cadence has been reported by Hausswirth et al 16 in elite subjects participating in a sprint distance triathlon, indicating a significantly higher stride rate after cycling at 102 rpm (1.52 Hz) than after cycling at 85 rpm (1.42 Hz) for the first 500 m of the run.…”

Section: Cycling Cadences and Physiological And Biomechanical Charactsupporting

confidence: 46%

Effect of cycling cadence on subsequent 3 km running performance in well trained triathletes

Berthet

2003

Br J Sports Med

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Objectives: To investigate the effect of three cycling cadences on a subsequent 3000 m track running performance in well trained triathletes. Methods: Nine triathletes completed a maximal cycling test, three cycle-run succession sessions (20 minutes of cycling + a 3000 m run) in random order, and one isolated run (3000 m). During the cycling bout of the cycle-run sessions, subjects had to maintain for 20 minutes one of the three cycling cadences corresponding to 60, 80, and 100 rpm. The metabolic intensity during these cycling bouts corresponded approximately to the cycling competition intensity of our subjects during a sprint triathlon (> 80% V O 2 MAX). Results: A significant effect of the prior cycling exercise was found on middle distance running performance without any cadence effect (625.7 (40.1), 630.0 (44.8), 637.7 (57.9), and 583.0 (28.3) seconds for the 60 rpm run, 80 rpm run, 100 rpm run, and isolated run respectively). However, during the first 500 m of the run, stride rate and running velocity were significantly higher after cycling at 80 or 100 rpm than at 60 rpm (p<0.05). Furthermore, the choice of 60 rpm was associated with a higher fraction of V O 2 MAX sustained during running compared with the other conditions (p<0.05). Conclusions:The results confirm the alteration in running performance completed after the cycling event compared with the isolated run. However, no significant effect of the cadence was observed within the range usually used by triathletes. D uring the last decade, numerous studies have investigated the effects of the cycle-run transition on subsequent running adaptation in triathletes.1 Compared with an isolated run, the first few minutes of triathlon running have been reported to induce an increase in oxygen uptake (ṼO 2 ) and heart rate (HR), [2][3][4] an alteration in ventilatory efficiency (ṼE), 5 and haemodynamic modifications-that is, changes in muscle blood flow. 4 Moreover, changes in running pattern have been observed after cycling, such as an increase in stride rate 3 6 and modifications in trunk gradient, knee angle in the nonsupport phase, and knee extension during the stance phase. 3These changes are generally related to the appearance of leg muscle fatigue characterised by perturbation of electromyographic activity of different muscle groups. Recently, from a laboratory study, Vercruyssen et al 6 reported that it is possible for triathletes to improve the adaptation from cycling to running at an intensity corresponding to Olympic distance competition pace (80-85% maximal oxygen uptake (O 2 MAX)). They showed a lower metabolic load during a running session after the adoption of the energetically optimal cadence (73 rpm) calculated from the ṼO 2 -cadence relation 8-11 compared with the freely chosen cadence (81 rpm) or the theoretical mechanical optimal cadence (90 rpm). 12Furthermore, Lepers et al 13 indicated that, after cycling, neuromuscular factors may be affected by exercise duration or choice of pedalling cadence. They observed, on the one hand, the appea...

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Section: Cycling Cadences and Physiological And Biomechanical Charactsupporting

confidence: 46%

Effect of cycling cadence on subsequent 3 km running performance in well trained triathletes

Berthet

2003

Br J Sports Med

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“…By choosing the remaining parameter F, r 1 and r 2 appropriately (1) and (7) respectively (8) and (9) can be used to fit the data and results of Ballreich [1, p. 129]. With a fit of x in the acceleration phase of better than 0.2 m for all six groups one finds F 2 = 0 and 5 ~< F ~ 6.5, as expected.…”

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confidence: 77%

A mathematical model for the force and energetics in competitive running

Behncke

1993

J. Math. Biol.

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A simple mathematical model for competitive running is developed. This model contains the force and energy reserves as key variables and it described their relationship and dynamics. It is made up of three submodels for the biomechanics of running the energetics and the optimization. The model for the energetics is an extension of the hydraulic model of Margaria and Morton. The key geometric parameters of this piecewise linear, three compartment model are determined on the basis of well known physiological facts and data.

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“…One of the critical factors affecting performance in sprinting is the ability of the sprinter to generate and absorb large amounts of mechanical energy during each ground contact (Fukunaga et al, 1978(Fukunaga et al, , 1981Chapman and Caldwell, 1983;Ae et al, 1987). It has been shown that the energy absorbed and produced during ground contact is about the same at each of the ankle, knee and hip joints (Stefanyshyn and Nigg, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Athletics

Stefanyshyn

Fusco

2004

Sports Biomechanics

112

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The purposes of this investigation were to determine if increasing the bending stiffness of sprint shoes increases sprinting performance and to determine whether simple anthropometric factors can be used to predict shoe bending stiffness for optimal performance. Thirty-four athletes were tested using four different shoe conditions--a standard condition consisting of their currently used footwear and three conditions where the bending stiffness was increased systematically. The sprinters performed maximal effort 40 m sprints and their sprint times were recorded from 20 to 40 m. On average, increasing the shoe bending stiffness increased sprint performance. The stiffness each athlete required for his or her maximal performance was subject specific but was not related to subject mass, height, shoe size or skill level. It is speculated that individual differences in the force-length and force-velocity relationships of the calf muscles may influence the appropriate shoe stiffness for each athlete to obtain their maximal performance.

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Mechanical work and power output in running

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of cycling cadence on subsequent 3 km running performance in well trained triathletes

Effect of cycling cadence on subsequent 3 km running performance in well trained triathletes

A mathematical model for the force and energetics in competitive running

Athletics

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