Mechanics of locomotion of dogs (Canis familiaris) and sheep (Ovis aries)

Jayes, A. S.; Alexander, R. McNeill

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1978.tb03334.x

Cited by 136 publications

(114 citation statements)

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“…In fact, kinematics, ground reaction force determination, or both have been used in a variety of species such as elephants [33][34][35] , cattle 36 , horses [37][38][39][40] , dogs 4,[41][42][43][44][45] , cats 21,[46][47][48][49] , various rodents 3,8,50,51 , birds 4,[52][53][54][55] , and fish 56,57 (this list is by no means exhaustive). In the authors' experience, however, the use of mice is problematic given that mice are not easy to operantly condition to travel along a runway.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Webb

Kerr

Neville

et al. 2011

JoVE

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Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes. As such, all behaviors manifest through the motor system. In the fields of neuroscience and orthopedics, locomotion is a commonly evaluated behavior for a variety of disease models. For example, locomotor recovery after traumatic injury to the nervous system is one of the most commonly evaluated behaviors [1][2][3] . Though locomotion can be evaluated using a variety of endpoint measurements (e.g. time taken to complete a locomotor task, etc), semiquantitative kinematic measures (e.g. ordinal rating scales (e.g. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor (BBB) rating scale, etc)) and surrogate measures of behaviour (e.g. muscle force, nerve conduction velocity, etc), only kinetics (force measurements) and kinematics (measurements of body segments in space) provide a detailed description of the strategy by which an animal is able to locomote 1 . Though not new, kinematic and kinetic measurements of locomoting rodents is now more readily accessible due to the availability of commercially available equipment designed for this purpose. Importantly, however, experimenters need to be very familiar with theory of biomechanical analyses and understand the benefits and limitations of these forms of analyses prior to embarking on what will become a relatively labor-intensive study. The present paper aims to describe a method for collecting kinematic and ground reaction force data using commercially available equipment. Details of equipment and apparatus set-up, pre-training of animals, inclusion and exclusion criteria of acceptable runs, and methods for collecting the data are described. We illustrate the utility of this behavioral analysis technique by describing the kinematics and kinetics of strain-matched young adult, middleaged, and geriatric rats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Webb

Kerr

Neville

et al. 2011

JoVE

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“…Therefore, the forelimb supports the majority of the body weight, in a variable percentage. In dogs, for instance, the fraction of body weight supported by the front legs varied from 61% in static conditions (Jayes and Alexander, 1978) to 57% in dynamic conditions (Walter and Carrier, 2007). Using simple models, it has been demonstrated that it is beneficial to a galloping system to have the centre of mass closer to the shoulder than to the hips.…”

Section: Centre Of Mass Positionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Journal of Experimental Biology 215 (23) length (Jayes and Alexander, 1978). Moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the body and of the long bones have been also calculated.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical determinants of transverse and rotary gallop in cursorial mammals

Biancardi

Minetti

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYTransverse and rotary gallop differ in the placement of the leading hindfeet and forefeet: ipsilateral in the former gait, contralateral in the latter. We analysed 351 filmed sequences to assess the gallop type of 89 investigated mammalian species belonging to Carnivora, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla orders. Twenty-three biometrical, ecological and physiological parameters were collected for each species both from literature data and from animal specimens. Most of the species showed only one kind of gallop: transverse (42%) or rotary (39%), while some species performed rotary gallop only at high speed (19%). In a factorial analysis, the first principal component (PC), which accounted for 40% of the total variance, was positively correlated to the relative speed and negatively correlated to size and body mass. The second PC was correlated to the ratio between distal and proximal limb segments. Large size and longer proximal limb segments were associated with transverse gallop, while rotary and speed-dependent species showed higher metacarpus/humerus and metatarsus/femur length ratio and faster relative speeds. The resulting limb excursion angles were proportional to the square-root of the Froude number, and significantly higher in rotary gallopers. The gait pattern analysis indicated significant differences between transverse and rotary gallop in forelimb and hindlimb duty factor (t-test; P<0.001), and in duration of the forelimb contact (t-test; P0.045). Our results show that an exclusive gallop gait is adopted by a large number of mammalian species, and indicate that the gallop pattern depends on diverse environmental, morphometrical and biomechanical characters.

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“…Rather than being raised in the first half of the stance phase, it is lowered and the body moves as a wave, often with minimal oscillation in those breeds of dogs that are used to trotting for long periods of time [6]. Here potential energy is converted into elastic energy and stored upon impact with the ground by passive stretching of tendons and muscles, to be released later on in the stance phase.…”

Section: Open Access Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Six Districts of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia

Girma¹,

Kebede²,

Megarsa³

2017

SOJVS

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SOJ Veterinary Sciences Open Access Research Articlebegin to walk at a faster pace, the limbs begin to impact with the ground and in so doing behave elastically [5]. Clearly, there is then an inverse relation between limb stiffness and an ability to convert potential energy into kinetic energy thus stiffness decreases as speed increases.In the trot, the body's center of mass behaves differently. Rather than being raised in the first half of the stance phase, it is lowered and the body moves as a wave, often with minimal oscillation in those breeds of dogs that are used to trotting for long periods of time [6]. Here potential energy is converted into elastic energy and stored upon impact with the ground by passive stretching of tendons and muscles, to be released later on in the stance phase. This is the spring-mass model described by Blickhan [3]. The study undertaken by Gregersen and colleagues not only confirms this spring-mass model, it also reveals that the work performed by every joint of the fore-and hind-limbs is more efficient due to a reduced "cost" of physical activity resulting from the release of elastic energy [7]. Indeed, in the trot three quarters of the work performed by dogs is recoverable [7].Muscles used in locomotion are stretched prior to shortening while producing a force. Compared to concentric contractions (shortening), eccentric contractions (lengthening) result in the highest force with the lowest energy costs due to the higher energy absorption [7,2]. Subsequently, the stored energy can be converted back to kinetic energy in the rebound [1,2]. One of the situations in which this is used to great effect is in the very rapid protraction of a horse's fore-limb during periods of galloping, when elastic energy stored in the biceps muscle is released as a burst of energy that results in a catapult action propelling the fore-limb forward [8].Acoustic Myography (AMG), which directly measures muscle contractions, was recently documented as being a useful diagnostic tool for rapidly determining muscular injury in the veterinary clinic [9,10]. Indeed, this technique has been used in the assessment of veterinary clinical diagnosis and monitoring of such dysfunctions or diseases as lameness, kissing spine, crookedness and muscular atrophy as well as post surgery/ trauma monitoring (distance measurement) or retraining/ healthy daily training (http://www.myodynamikequine.com/ AbstractIt is generally known that muscles have the ability to store and convert energy making certain types of movement highly efficient with regard to muscle work. The principle behind this concept is summarized in what has become known as the "spring-mass" model. Whilst evidence of a change in gait from walk to trot has been documented for more than 35 years, quantitative measurements of comparable changes in muscle function remain elusive. In a study involving 11 Labrador dogs, looking at muscle function as assessed by acoustic myography, changes in muscle efficiency/coordination as well as both spatial-(fiber recruitment) a...

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Mechanics of locomotion of dogs (Canis familiaris) and sheep (Ovis aries)

Cited by 136 publications

References 13 publications

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Biomechanical determinants of transverse and rotary gallop in cursorial mammals

Seroprevalence of Infectious Bursal Disease in Backyard Chickens of Six Districts of North Shewa Zones of Oromia and Amhara Regions, Ethiopia

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