Mechanism of analgesic effect of clonidine in the treatment of dysmenorrhea

The effect of mefenamic acid and ginger on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial

“…Ginger relieves dysmenorrhea via various ways. The effect of ginger on dysmenorrhea is dependent on the inhibition of thromboxane and prostaglandins activity [30]. One of the mechanisms behind creating dysmenorrhea is prostaglandins production in endometrium, which stimulates myometrium contractions [31].…”

“…Thus, it appears ginger leads to decreasing dysmenorrhea intensity similar to mefenamic acid with anti-prostaglandin effects. Another mechanism is ginger's effect on thromboxane synthesis inhibition, which results in activating endorphin receptors and inhibiting noradrenergic overactivity [30]. It is possible that using ginger is closely associated with decreased endothelin 1 and increased no [40].…”

Nasal breathing as a treatment for hyperventilation: relevance of hemispheric activation

“…I have suggested a right hemisphere bias for both dopamine and beta‐endorphin, and a left hemisphere bias for noradrenaline and melatonin 19 . Since these differentially affect both ventilation 20 , 21 and anxiety states 22 , 23 , I suggest that it may be important to investigate this technique further before encouraging patients to alleviate their hyperventilation by breathing through the nose.…”

“…For example, there is evidence that, during nasal breathing, jets of air stimulate epipharyngeal receptors and can produce either significant bronchodilation 2 or the opposite: significantly increased bronchoconstriction 3 . I have suggested that this controversy may be resolved by the effect of forced unilateral nostril breathing on brain hemispheric activation 4 .…”