Mechanism of COVID-19 Causing ARDS: Exploring the Possibility of Preventing and Treating SARS-CoV-2

Zheng, Jiajing; Miao, Jiameng; Guo, Rui; Guo, Jun; Fan, Zheng; Kong, Xianbin; Gao, Rui; Yang, Long

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.931061

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, SARS-CoV2 delays innate and adaptive immune response for too long. SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by the reduced cell count of four fundamental components of adaptive immunity, such as natural killer cells, B lymphocytes, CD4 + T cells, and CD8 + T cells ( Zheng et al, 2022 ). Additionally, several investigations have revealed the impaired antiviral response of JAK-STAT pathway-mediated type I interferons due to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection ( Walz et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Jakinibs and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review

et al. 2023

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Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hyperinflammation induced by cytokine storm, ARDS leading to multiorgan failure and death. JAK-STAT signaling has been implicated in immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection under different stages such as viral entry, escaping innate immunity, replication, and subsequent inflammatory processes. Prompted by this fact and prior utilization as an immunomodulatory agent for several autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions, Jakinibs have been recognized as validated small molecules targeting the rapid release of proinflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6, and GM-CSF. Various clinical trials are under investigation to evaluate Jakinibs as potential candidates for treating COVID-19. Till date, there is only one small molecule Jakinib known as baricitinib has received FDA-approval as a standalone immunomodulatory agent in treating critical COVID-19 patients. Though various meta-analyses have confirmed and validated the safety and efficacy of Jakinibs, further studies are required to understand the elaborated pathogenesis of COVID-19, duration of Jakinib treatment, and assess the combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlighted JAK-STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and clinically approved Jakinibs. Moreover, this review described substantially the promising use of Jakinibs and discussed their limitations in the context of COVID-19 therapy. Hence, this review article provides a concise, yet significant insight into the therapeutic implications of Jakinibs as potential anti-COVID agents which opens up a new horizon in the treatment of COVID-19, effectively.

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Section: Jakinibs and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review

et al. 2023

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“…SARS-CoV-2 enters cells, and cells’ capillary permeability increases, allowing more viruses to transfer into cells, resulting in ARDS. The virus activates an immune response involving natural killer (NK) cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and B cells in COVID-19 patients, causing the abnormal production of cytokines ( 44 ). The abnormal cytokine profile results in excessively activated but dysfunctional immunity reactions in patients with severe COVID-19, which presents a delayed or failed elimination of virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Successful salvage of a severe COVID-19 patient previously with lung cancer and radiation pneumonitis by mesenchymal stem cells: a case report and literature review

Huang,

Tan,

Xie

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, elderly patients with underlying condition, such as tumors, had poor prognoses after progressing to severe pneumonia and often had poor response to standard treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a promising treatment for patients with severe pneumonia, but MSCs are rarely used for patients with carcinoma. Here, we reported a 67-year-old female patient with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent osimertinib and radiotherapy and suffered from radiation pneumonitis. Unfortunately, she contracted COVID-19 and that rapidly progressed to severe pneumonia. She responded poorly to frontline treatment and was in danger. Subsequently, she received a salvage treatment with four doses of MSCs, and her symptoms surprisingly improved quickly. After a lung CT scan that presented with a significantly improved infection, she was discharged eventually. Her primary disease was stable after 6 months of follow-up, and no tumor recurrence or progression was observed. MSCs may be an effective treatment for hyperactive inflammation due to their ability related to immunomodulation and tissue repair. Our case suggests a potential value of MSCs for severe pneumonia that is unresponsive to conventional therapy after a COVID-19 infection. However, unless the situation is urgent, it needs to be considered with caution for patients with tumors. The safety in tumor patients still needs to be observed.

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“…Interestingly, the children and young people are not showed severe disease about SARS-COV-2, this is contributed to their strong immunity which able to curb SARS-CoV-2 virus. In contrast, the older people with or without chronic disease have remarkable weak immunity, because immune system suffers abundant age-related changes that affect not only many cellular and molecular elements of both the innate [34] and adaptive [35,36], but also the coordination between them, these changes are collectively termed 'immune senescence' [37].…”

Section: Fig (5): the Host Immune Response Against Sars Cov-2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotlights on Virus Pathogenesis Human Immunity Interactivity

Hakim

2023

Ricos Bio.

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A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV- 2) causes COVID-19; a newly emerged global pandemic disease and found to be more infective and more pathogenic than former human respiratory corona viruses due to its higher specific receptor binding affinity. Exposed COVID-19 data clearly recognize that the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is the prime factor affecting the course of disease. This article places emphasis on virus pathogenesis, host cell interaction, immunological response for COVID-19 trying to light on the obscured areas of this novel human health menace.

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Mechanism of COVID-19 Causing ARDS: Exploring the Possibility of Preventing and Treating SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 31 publications

References 68 publications

Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review

Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review

Successful salvage of a severe COVID-19 patient previously with lung cancer and radiation pneumonitis by mesenchymal stem cells: a case report and literature review

Spotlights on Virus Pathogenesis Human Immunity Interactivity

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