Mechanism of fine granular area and white etching crack formation in AISI 52100 bearing steel

Averbeck, S.; Spriestersbach, Daniel; Kerscher, Eberhard

doi:10.1016/j.tafmec.2020.102664

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Su et al 34 reported that the WEA exhibited a number of nanocrystallines with transformed austenite in bearing steel in Figure 5D–E. Averbeck et al 35 thought that FGA and WEC were two similar fatigue damage modes in AISI 52100 bearing steel, whose formation were due to local plasticity deformation induced grain refinement under cyclic loading. Like FGA, WEC as a typical fatigue damage mode, has also been widely studied in recent years.…”

Section: Significance Of the Zhu's Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

On micro‐defect induced cracking in very high cycle fatigue regime

Zhu

Xuan

2022

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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It is known that fine granular area morphology is often formed around interior micro-defect in the case of very high cycle fatigue failure of high strength steel.The mechanism of "fragmentation of martensitic laths and formation of dislocation cells" (Zhu's model), which revealed a microstructure-dependent crack initiation and early growth for micro-defect induced internal fatigue cracking, was discussed in several lathy martensitic or similar steels, verified under environmental fatigue, and applicable to white etching crack in rotating contact fatigue. A machine learning-Z parameter integrated approach was developed for fatigue life, which is promising for design against fatigue of engineering structures for long life.

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Section: Significance Of the Zhu's Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

On micro‐defect induced cracking in very high cycle fatigue regime

Zhu

Xuan

2022

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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“…Subsurface cracking as an initial feature is reported to be the dominant fatigue mechanism in Very High Cycle Fatigue/Ultra High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF/UHCF) tests [10,20,21]. According to this, the results of the tests here could be interpreted as a rapid acceleration of VHCF/UHCF fracture, solely comparing the load cycles, but also the progression of the cracks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

A Study on Early Stages of White Etching Crack Formation under Full Lubrication Conditions

et al. 2022

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The appearance of White Etching Cracks (WEC), not covered by the ISO 281 modified failure rate calculation, leads to difficulties in predicting bearing reliability. This uncertainty in bearing applications leads to a worldwide activity in order to understand and prevent this situation since the WEC failure mode deviates from the traditional Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) mode. Plenty of factors have been found to influence this phenomenon over the years, however the precise initiation of the WEC is still under debate. In order to understand the initiation and analyze the temporal evolution, interrupted tests on the same material were performed under conditions that were known to lead to WEC formation and RCF. To avoid the added complexity of boundary lubrication, a Deep Groove Ball Bearing (DGBB) test rig under full lubrication (Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, EHL) was chosen. Within a standard operating mode, named Mode 1 (RCF), the bearings are solely subjected to a radial load. By suspending the tests at different time steps, a continuous progress of changes in the subsurface material structure seen as equiaxed grains with low dislocation densities, identified as ferrite, is observed. The bearings did not fail up to load cycles of 109. In contrast, a Mode 2 Electrical Charged Contact Fatigue (ECCF) test provoked the early formation of cracks and crack networks, first without WEA, then later with WEA. It became obvious when comparing Mode 1 (RCF) with Mode 2 (ECCF) that Mode 2 (ECCF) achieves far fewer load cycles until failure occurs.

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“…WEAs are often observed with cracks (named as white etching cracks), which are located either inside of WEA or at the interface between the WEA and the matrix. 7,[13][14][15] Given this, cracks are suggested to be the cause of WEA since repetitive rubbing of crack faces can result in large plastic deformation. As a result, grain is refined, and WEA eventually develops .4,16-20 The experimental observations showed that WEAs preferentially form in hydrogen environment as cracks are susceptible to hydrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Introducing sliding and hoop stress can accelerate plastic deformation. WEAs are often observed with cracks (named as white etching cracks), which are located either inside of WEA or at the interface between the WEA and the matrix 7,13–15 . Given this, cracks are suggested to be the cause of WEA since repetitive rubbing of crack faces can result in large plastic deformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

White etching area damage induced by shear localization in rolling contact fatigue of bearing steel

Chen,

Xie,

et al. 2023

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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White etching area (WEA) is a primary damage in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of bearing steels. In spite of extensive investigations, there is a large discrepancy in the existing mechanisms of WEA formation. We attempt to unify the mechanisms from the perspective of shear localization and plastic damage accumulation based on ductile damage. RCF tests were conducted to generate WEAs with various microstructures and compositions. A thermodynamically consistent model of the ductile damage evolution from an inclusion was established by developing the phase field damage coupled with the crystal elastic‐viscoplastic constitutive relationship under RCF. The model was implemented into the FE framework through a user materials subroutine. The results indicated that the WEA is the shear band resulting from shear localization. The large inhomogeneity and scatter in WEA's microstructure are due to the influence of the crystal orientation. The development and orientation of SBs predicted by the model and the experimental observation of the WEA are in good agreement. The large micro‐shear strain in the WEA provides the driving force for mechanically controlled austenite phase transformation. The shear band center, which has the largest strain and the least stress, is where cracks initiate. This demonstrates that contrary to earlier reports that WEA is induced by previously formed crack faces friction, cracks actually initiate from the interior of the WEA.

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Mechanism of fine granular area and white etching crack formation in AISI 52100 bearing steel

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

On micro‐defect induced cracking in very high cycle fatigue regime

On micro‐defect induced cracking in very high cycle fatigue regime

A Study on Early Stages of White Etching Crack Formation under Full Lubrication Conditions

White etching area damage induced by shear localization in rolling contact fatigue of bearing steel

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