Mechanism of grinding-induced burns and cracks in 20CrMnTi steel gear

Wang, Long; Tang, Xiujian; Wang, Liuying; Yang, Nan; Chen, Xiaohu; Ping, Li; Gu, Lin; Liu, Guohao

doi:10.1080/10426914.2019.1605173

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning that every ECT measurement has been completed in an unmagnetized state. For this, we performed a demagnetization process based on the slow decrease in an alternating magnetic excitation strength [ 39 ]. Figure 11 gives an overview of the experimental setup we have been using in this study.…”

Section: Experimental Results and Correlation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, ECT results associated with LCR-meter measurements are very consistent; in contrast, indicators related to the domain wall dynamic answer obtained through the D&D analytical conversion are much more uncertain. decrease in an alternating magnetic excitation strength [39]. Figure 11 gives an overview of the experimental setup we have been using in this study.…”

Section: Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic Signatures and Magnetization Mechanisms for Grinding Burns Detection and Evaluation

Ducharne,

Sebald,

Petitpré

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Grinding thermal damages, commonly called grinding burns occur when the grinding energy generates too much heat. Grinding burns modify the local hardness and can be a source of internal stress. Grinding burns will shorten the fatigue life of steel components and lead to severe failures. A typical way to detect grinding burns is the so-called nital etching method. This chemical technique is efficient but polluting. Methods based on the magnetization mechanisms are the alternative studied in this work. For this, two sets of structural steel specimens (18NiCr5-4 and X38Cr-Mo16-Tr) were metallurgically treated to induce increasing grinding burn levels. Hardness and surface stress pre-characterizations provided the study with mechanical data. Then, multiple magnetic responses (magnetic incremental permeability, magnetic Barkhausen noise, magnetic needle probe, etc.) were measured to establish the correlations between the magnetization mechanisms, the mechanical properties, and the grinding burn level. Owing to the experimental conditions and ratios between standard deviation and average values, mechanisms linked to the domain wall motions appear to be the most reliable. Coercivity obtained from the Barkhausen noise, or magnetic incremental permeability measurements, was revealed as the most correlated indicator (especially when the very strongly burned specimens were removed from the tested specimens list). Grinding burns, surface stress, and hardness were found to be weakly correlated. Thus, microstructural properties (dislocations, etc.) are suspected to be preponderant in the correlation with the magnetization mechanisms.

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Section: Experimental Results and Correlation Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analysis and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Signatures and Magnetization Mechanisms for Grinding Burns Detection and Evaluation

Ducharne,

Sebald,

Petitpré

et al. 2023

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…20CrMnTi has good hardenability and high impact toughness at low temperatures and is widely used in the gear manufacturing industry [1-4]. Zhang et al [5] have conducted an experimental study on the fatigue performance of 20CrMnTi and found that the fatigue life of 20CrMnTi is 3 × 10 6 under the condition of experimental load of 100KN. Table 1 shows the inclusion size statistics in 20CrMnTi in the literature [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the Influences of Adding Rare Earth Ce on the Precipitation Behaviors of TiN Inclusions in 20CrMnTi

et al. 2023

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The morphologies and sizes of TiN inclusions in gear steel 20CrMnTi have a significant impact on its service performance. This paper selects rare earth Ce to modify TiN inclusions in 20CrMnTi. The inclusions are analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscope), EBSD (electron back-scattered diffraction), EDS (energy disperse spectroscopy), and OTS statistical software, and Thermo-Calc software is used to calculate the inclusion formations. The inclusions of MgAlO4-Ce and CeAlO3 can be formed when rare earth Ce is added into 20CrMnTi, which becomes TiN nucleation core after precipitation. Without the addition of rare earth Ce, square TiN inclusions ranging from 2 to 5 μm account for 60% of the total inclusions in 20CrMnTi. After adding rare earth Ce, the TiN inclusions in 20CrMnTiCe account for 36.7% of the total inclusions. Due to the new phase formations of MgAlO4-TiN and CeAlO3-TiN with sizes less than 2 μm, the titanium-containing inclusions are refined. Fatigue tests are conducted on the steels before and after the addition of Ce. The average fatigue lives of 20CrMnTi do not reach 107 times, and the deviations between the maximum and minimum fatigue lives are great. Large-sized TiN are the main inclusions that affect the fatigue performance of 20CrMnTi. The average fatigue lives of 20CrMnTiCe exceed 107 times, and the deviations of the fatigue lives are smaller than those of 20CrMnTi.

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“…In order to specifically study the effects caused by grinding burns, Dychtońet et al [ 17 ] used laser heating to simulate the effect of excessive tempering and secondary hardening caused by grinding burns in aerospace gears and investigated the effect of burns on microstructure and residual stresses by Barkhausen noise nondestructive testing. For high-strength gear steel materials, Wang et al [ 18 ] conducted an experimental study on the characteristics and formation mechanisms of grinding burns and cracks in 20 CrMnTi steel gears, and analyzed the changes in tissue transformation, hardness, and residual stresses for tempered burns and quenched burns, respectively. Kang et al [ 19 ] studied the evolution of microstructure and residual stresses in 17 CrNiMo6 steel gears under different grinding parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Understanding Subsurface Characteristics in Burn Process of Gear Profile Grinding

et al. 2023

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In gear profile grinding, the grinding burn will greatly influence the anti-fatigue performance of gears. However, the influence of microstructure change caused by grinding burn on gear surface integrity is still unclear. In this paper, full-factor experiments of gear profile grinding are conducted and the grinding temperature is measured during the experiments. Furthermore, the tooth surface integrity including microstructure, residual stress, microhardness, and surface morphology is characterized. The relationship between grinding parameters, grinding burns and subsurface layer properties is analyzed by systematical test results. Radial grinding depths of more than 20 μm matched with wheel speeds below 30 m/s will result in severe grinding burns. The effect of grinding burns on the grain state mainly results in the breakdown of high strength martensite and the formation of inhomogeneous secondary tempered sorbite. The recovery and recrystallization of the microstructure of the tooth subsurface layer after grinding burns is the root cause of the substantial reduction in compressive residual stress and nano-hardness. The occurrence of grinding burns is mainly due to the unreasonable matching of process parameters rather than being influenced by a single grinding parameter alone. The risk of burn can be significantly reduced at greater wheel speeds and lower radial grinding depth. This study presents an insight into the mechanism of the effect of gear profile grinding burns on the surface integrity of the tooth flank.

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Mechanism of grinding-induced burns and cracks in 20CrMnTi steel gear

Cited by 22 publications

References 18 publications

Magnetic Signatures and Magnetization Mechanisms for Grinding Burns Detection and Evaluation

Magnetic Signatures and Magnetization Mechanisms for Grinding Burns Detection and Evaluation

Study on the Influences of Adding Rare Earth Ce on the Precipitation Behaviors of TiN Inclusions in 20CrMnTi

Towards Understanding Subsurface Characteristics in Burn Process of Gear Profile Grinding

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