Mechanism of injury of Escherichiacoli by freezing and thawing

Alur, M.D.; Grecz, N.

doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80139-2

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…2), the sublethally damaged cells were assayed by plating on culture medium, which would have provided the opportunity for them to repair their DNA prior to initiating colony formation. This result brings a new perspective to the observations of Alur and Grecz (31) and Grecz et al (32), who incubated cell suspensions of E. coli for up to 12 months at Ϫ20°C and demonstrated that freezing caused single-and double-strand breaks in the genome which were associated with decreased survival. Unexpectedly, it was observed that the extent of DSBs began to decrease after 4 months postfreezing, and the authors speculated that "random reassociation and aggregation of the initial DNA fragments" was the most likely explanation for the results (32).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

DNA Double-Strand Break Repair at −15°C

Dieser

Battista

Christner

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The survival of microorganisms in ancient glacial ice and permafrost has been ascribed to their ability to persist in a dormant, metabolically inert state. An alternative possibility, supported by experimental data, is that microorganisms in frozen matrices are able to sustain a level of metabolic function that is sufficient for cellular repair and maintenance. To examine this experimentally, frozen populations of Psychrobacter arcticus 273-4 were exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) to simulate the damage incurred from natural background IR sources in the permafrost environment from over ϳ225 kiloyears (ky). High-molecularweight DNA was fragmented by exposure to 450 Gy of IR, which introduced an average of 16 double-strand breaks (DSBs) per chromosome. During incubation at ؊15°C for 505 days, P. arcticus repaired DNA DSBs in the absence of net growth. Based on the time frame for the assembly of genomic fragments by P. arcticus, the rate of DNA DSB repair was estimated at 7 to 10 DSBs year ؊1 under the conditions tested. Our results provide direct evidence for the repair of DNA lesions, extending the range of complex biochemical reactions known to occur in bacteria at frozen temperatures. Provided that sufficient energy and nutrient sources are available, a functional DNA repair mechanism would allow cells to maintain genome integrity and augment microbial survival in icy terrestrial or extraterrestrial environments. The results from decades of studying the stability of DNA in bacteria may be summarized in two uncomplicated axioms. First, genomic DNA is not inert; the genetic material will degrade with time, and damage will accumulate unless that degradation is repaired. And second, if this degradation is not reversed, the cell will die. The repair processes that cope with DNA damage are integral to life, and it is assumed that all species express means of maintaining genetic integrity.The importance of DNA repair to cell viability motivated extensive study of the biochemistry and molecular biology of these repair processes in model organisms such as Escherichia coli (1). Although the advantages of using this species for such studies are well documented, there is a question as to whether detailed knowledge of DNA repair in E. coli as observed under standard laboratory conditions adequately represents the full spectrum of bacterial responses to DNA damage. For instance, DNA repair is an energy-intensive activity (2, 3), but microbial species in nature rarely experience optimal conditions for growth or have access to nutrient excess. Without a generous supply of energy, cells may need to generate a more measured response, rationing available resources in a manner that prioritizes the most important tasks for survival. Moreover, viability in the absence of cellular reproduction is sustained only by cells that do not accumulate a level of damage (e.g., to DNA) that exceeds a threshold beyond which effective repair is no longer possible.Genomic DNA and viable bacteria are preserved in ancient ice and permafrost for hun...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

DNA Double-Strand Break Repair at −15°C

Dieser

Battista

Christner

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Sensitive bacterial cells usually undergo a slow death rate upon freezing and their response can be described as an exponential function (Haines ; Panoff et al ). Alur and Grecz () reported higher rates of DNA fragmentation after fast freezing rather than slow freezing. However, after 24 h storage, the slow frozen cells yielded the same results as fast frozen cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vibrio spp. Control at Brine Shrimp, Artemia, Hatching and Enrichment

Interaminense

Calazans

Valle

et al. 2014

J World Aquaculture Soc

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Experiments were conducted to evaluate different prophylactic methods to control the bacterial load in brine shrimp, Artemia, hatching. The first experiment evaluated three treatments to control Vibrio spp. during the Artemia hatching: microalgae (Chaetoceros calcitrans), probiotic (Bacillus spp.), and antibiotic (Florfenicol). In the second experiment, Artemia metanauplius were enriched in distinct treatments with C. calcitrans, probiotic, and emulsion rich in docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids. Enriched Artemia metanauplius and nauplii (control) were offered to white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei , postlarvae (PL 7 -PL 19 ). Presumptive Vibrio were quantified in Artemia, PL, and rearing water. Microalgae and probiotic were effective to control Vibrio spp. in Artemia nauplii. The enrichment process increased the Artemia bacterial load but did not affect Vibrio load in L. vannamei .

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“…However, it needs to be taken into account that the 70% prevalence of Trichomonas infection in German wood pigeons and the very low prevalence in turtle doves from Malta likely underestimates the true prevalence, because samples were not cultured directly, but analysed from tissues after freezing and defrosting. This might cause major differences in the detection rate, because of DNA degradation due to several freezing and thawing cycles, especially for Maltese samples during transportation [47–50]. Furthermore, Dunn et al [51] showed the need to culture Trichomonas samples to reliably detect the infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in wild columbids across western and southern Europe

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAvian trichomonosis is known as a widespread disease in columbids and passerines, and recent findings have highlighted the pathogenic character of some lineages found in wild birds. Trichomonosis can affect wild bird populations including endangered species, as has been shown for Mauritian pink pigeons Nesoenas mayeri in Mauritius and suggested for European turtle doves Streptopelia turtur in the UK. However, the disease trichomonosis is caused only by pathogenic lineages of the parasite Trichomonas gallinae. Therefore, understanding the prevalence and distribution of both potentially pathogenic and non-pathogenic T. gallinae lineages in turtle doves and other columbids across Europe is relevant to estimate the potential impact of the disease on a continental scale.ResultsWe examined 281 samples from four wild columbid species for Trichomonas infection and determined the genetic lineages. The overall prevalence was 74%. There were significant differences between the species (P = 0.007). The highest prevalence was found in stock doves Columba oenas (86%, n = 79) followed by wood pigeons Columba palumbus (70%, n = 61) and turtle doves (67%, n = 65), while three of five collared doves Streptopelia decaocto (60%) were infected. We found seven different lineages, including four lineages present in columbids in the UK, one lineage already described from Spain and three new lineages, one of those found in a single turtle dove migrating through Italy and another one found in a breeding stock dove. Stock doves from Germany and collared doves from Malta were infected with a potentially pathogenic lineage (lineage A/B), which is known to cause lesions and mortality in columbids, raptors and finches.ConclusionsGenerally, turtle doves showed high prevalence of Trichomonas infection. Furthermore, the potentially pathogenic lineage A/B (or genotype B according to previous literature) was found in a recovering stock dove population. Both findings are worrying for these columbid species due to the occasional epidemic character of trichomonosis, which can have severe negative effects on populations.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2170-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Mechanism of injury of Escherichiacoli by freezing and thawing

Cited by 40 publications

References 2 publications

DNA Double-Strand Break Repair at −15°C

DNA Double-Strand Break Repair at −15°C

Vibrio spp. Control at Brine Shrimp, Artemia, Hatching and Enrichment

High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in wild columbids across western and southern Europe

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