“…[30] During activation, macrophages initiate phagocytosis and release proinflammatory cytokines and other substances, a hallmark of pneumococcal pneumonia, which is necessary for killing microorganisms and invading pathogens, and mediate a variety of biological functions as intracellular messenger molecules. [31,32] These results demonstrated that WBP could markedly stimulate macrophage functions.Figure 2.The effects of WBP on cytokines secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. (a) RAW 264.7 cells were treated with WBP at the various concentrations for 24 h and the cell viability was determined using an MTT assay.…”
Wheat bran-derived polysaccharides have attracted particular attention due to their immunomodulatory effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions are poorly understood. The current study was designed to examine the effect of wheat bran polysaccharide (WBP) on RAW 264.7 cells and the underlying signaling pathways, which have not been explored. In addition, we also investigated the immuno-enhancement effects of WBP on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in mice. WBP significantly increased the concentrations of intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells. The result of RT-PCR analysis indicated that WBP also enhanced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α expression. Further analyses demonstrated that WBP rapidly activated phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the transcriptional activities of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that WBP increased the spleen and thymus indices significantly, and markedly promoted the production of the serum cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. Taken together, these results suggest that WBP can improve immunity by enhancing immune function, and could be explored as a potential immunomodulatory agent in functional food.
“…[30] During activation, macrophages initiate phagocytosis and release proinflammatory cytokines and other substances, a hallmark of pneumococcal pneumonia, which is necessary for killing microorganisms and invading pathogens, and mediate a variety of biological functions as intracellular messenger molecules. [31,32] These results demonstrated that WBP could markedly stimulate macrophage functions.Figure 2.The effects of WBP on cytokines secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. (a) RAW 264.7 cells were treated with WBP at the various concentrations for 24 h and the cell viability was determined using an MTT assay.…”
Wheat bran-derived polysaccharides have attracted particular attention due to their immunomodulatory effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their functions are poorly understood. The current study was designed to examine the effect of wheat bran polysaccharide (WBP) on RAW 264.7 cells and the underlying signaling pathways, which have not been explored. In addition, we also investigated the immuno-enhancement effects of WBP on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in mice. WBP significantly increased the concentrations of intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in RAW 264.7 cells. The result of RT-PCR analysis indicated that WBP also enhanced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and TNF-α expression. Further analyses demonstrated that WBP rapidly activated phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the transcriptional activities of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that WBP increased the spleen and thymus indices significantly, and markedly promoted the production of the serum cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice. Taken together, these results suggest that WBP can improve immunity by enhancing immune function, and could be explored as a potential immunomodulatory agent in functional food.
“…CPS activated the mitogen–activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways through several pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2, TLR‐4, and Detin‐1, upregulated the expression of proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐1β, and IL‐12, and promoted respiratory burst activity and nitric oxide (NO) production, leading to the conversion of the macrophage phenotype from M2 to M1 and enhancing phagocytosis in mouse macrophage cell lines (Chen, Yuan, Wang, Song, & Zhang, ; Lee et al, ; Zhu et al, ). CPS enhanced spleen lymphocyte proliferation and activity in immunosuppressed or tumor‐bearing mice (Zhang, Yang, Chen, Hou, & Han, , Wang, Meng, et al, ).…”
Section: Main Components and Derivatives Of Cordycepsmentioning
Changes in the global economy resulted in sedentary lifestyle and excessive calorie intake, increasing the incidence of metabolic diseases, which subsequently became a universal public concern. The difficulties of managing chronic diseases did not dampen researchers' enthusiasm for studying new therapeutics or adjuvant treatments. Cordyceps spp. is a kind of traditional Chinese herbal medicine; however, our understanding of this medicine remains at an initial stage. Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the potential of Cordyceps as a therapeutic agent for the effective treatment of metabolic-related disorders by exerting a variety of activities, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, hypoglycemic, renoprotective and cardiovascular-protective effects. This article reviews the potential efficacy and underlying mechanisms of Cordyceps and its major bioactive ingredients in metabolic syndrome and its associated comorbidities.
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