Mechanism of muscle–tendon–bone complex development in the head

Yamamoto, Masahito; Abe, Shinichi

doi:10.1007/s12565-019-00523-0

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…However, little is known about whether muscles, tendons, and bones have the same origin. This hypothesis is supported by the differentiation of somites into muscles, tendons, and bones 23 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…To determine whether Sox9 is expressed in muscle progenitor cells in vivo, we of double immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against desmin, which is a marker for muscle progenitors 11 , and Sox9 17,18 . In previous studies of head development 23,24 , we defined the cells in the desmin + area as the cranial paraxial mesoderm (CPM), from which the head muscle originates (Fig. 3a-c).…”

Section: Sox9 Expression In Muscle Progenitor Cells In Vivo Some Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3a-c). Cranial neural crest cells (CNCs), from which the head tendon and bone originate, were located in the superficial layer of each pharyngeal arch and were wrapped around muscle progenitor cells 23 (Fig. 3a-c).…”

Section: Sox9 Expression In Muscle Progenitor Cells In Vivo Some Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Switching of Sox9 expression during musculoskeletal system development

Nagakura

Yamamoto

Jeong

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The musculoskeletal system, which comprises muscles, tendons, and bones, is an efficient tissue complex that coordinates body movement and maintains structural stability. The process of its construction into a single functional and complex organization is unclear. SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9) is expressed initially in pluripotent cells and subsequently in ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal derivatives. This study investigated how Sox9 controls the development of each component of the musculoskeletal system. Sox9 was expressed in MTJ, tendon, and bone progenitor cells at E13 and in bone at E16. We detected Sox9 expression in muscle progenitor cells using doubletransgenic mice and myoblastic cell lines. However, we found no Sox9 expression in developed muscle. A decrease in Sox9 expression in muscle-associated connective tissues, tendons, and bones led to hypoplasia of the cartilage and its attachment to tendons and muscle. These results showed that switching on Sox9 expression in each component (muscle, tendon, and bone) is essential for the development of the musculoskeletal system. Sox9 is expressed in not only tendon and bone progenitor cells but also muscle progenitor cells, and it controls musculoskeletal system development. The musculoskeletal system comprises muscles, tendons, and bones. It is an efficient tissue complex that coordinates body movement and maintains structural stability 1. This requires effective linkage of muscles to bones. Many studies have reported the development of each component of the musculoskeletal system, but the process of its construction into a single functional and complex organization is unclear. Muscles, tendons, and bones differ in their developmental origins 2-8 , yet they interact during differentiation. Chen and Galloway 8 reported that artificial rupture of the myotome impedes syndetome formation. In contrast, cranial tendon progenitor cells emerge without dependence on muscles, yet muscle presence is essential for their normal differentiation 8. Huang et al 9. analyzed tendon development in forearms and fingers and found that tendons can be divided into a distal module showing cartilage-dependent development and a proximal module showing muscle-dependent development. In addition, the mechanical stress of muscle contraction affects the morphology of cartilage and bone during development 10. Previously, we found that mutual contact between muscles and the tendon-like structure immediately promotes the development of bones 11 and that there is a morphological association between muscles and bones 12. In summary, studies need to focus on the analysis of muscles, tendons, and bones as a single functional organ 13 rather than focusing on each as an independent tissue component. SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9) is a transcription factor essential for musculoskeletal system development. Sox9 is expressed in all cartilage progenitor cells and cartilage cells except hypertrophic chondrocytes 14,15 , and it plays a key role in a series of processes involved in endochondral...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Sox9 Expression In Muscle Progenitor Cells In Vivo Some Resmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Switching of Sox9 expression during musculoskeletal system development

Nagakura

Yamamoto

Jeong

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The former anchoring corresponds to the usual myotendinous junction, that is, a complex containing dystrophin and desmin (reviewed by Abe et al, 2010), whereas the latter is the bone‐tendon interface or enthesis, allowing sliding to occur between them. The medial PT insertion changed from Meckel's cartilage to the membranous bones that later cover the cartilage (Yamamoto & Abe, 2020; Yamamoto et al, 2020). In contrast to advanced molecular studies of the muscle‐tendon‐bone interface (Huang et al, 2015; Shukunami et al, 2006), to our knowledge, no information is available on the molecular basis of the changing muscle attachment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: A study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses

et al. 2021

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The developing sphenoid is regarded as a median cartilage mass (basisphenoid [BS]) with three cartilaginous processes (orbitosphenoid [OS], ala temporalis [AT], and alar process [AP]). The relationships of this initial configuration with the adult morphology are difficult to determine because of extensive membranous ossification along the cartilaginous elements. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the anatomical connections between each element of the fetal sphenoid and adult morphology. Sagittal sections from 25 embryos and fetuses of gestational age 6–34 weeks and crown‐rump length 12–295 mm were therefore examined and compared with horizontal and frontal sections from the other 25 late‐term fetuses (217–340 mm). The OS was identified as a set of three mutually attached cartilage bars in early fetuses. At all stages, the OS‐post was continuous with the anterolateral part of the BS. The BS included the notochord and Rathke's pouch remnant in embryos and early fetuses. The dorsum sellae was absent from embryos, but it protruded from the BS in early fetuses before a fossa for the hypophysis became evident. Although not higher than the hypophysis at midterm, the dorsum sellae elongated superiorly after gestational age 25 weeks. In early fetuses, the AP was located on the side immediately anterior to the otic capsule. The AT developed on the side immediately posterior to the extraocular rectus muscles. At late term, the greater wing was formed by membranous bones from the AT and AP. The AT and AP formed a complex bridge between the BS and the greater wing. A small cartilage, future medial pterygoid process (PTmed) was located inferior to the AT in early fetuses. At midterm, one endochondral bone and multiple membranous bones formed the PTmed. The lateral pterygoid process (PTlat) was formed by a single membranous bone plate. Therefore, we connected fetal elements and the adult morphology as follows. (1) Derivative of the OS makes not only the lesser wing but also the anterior margin of the body of the sphenoid. (2) Derivatives of the BS are the body of the sphenoid including the sella turcica and the dorsum sellae. (3) Most of the greater wing including the foramen rotundum and the foramen oval originate from the AT and AP and multiple membranous bones. (4) The PTmed originate from endochondral bones and multiple membranous bones, while the PTlat derive from a single membranous bone.

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“…The musculotendinous junction, which connects the muscles to tendons, and the enthesis, which connects the tendons to the bones, are essential to physical function. Several studies have treated the "muscle-tendonbone complex" as a single unit and investigated its mechanisms of morphogenesis and morphostasis; however, many of the details have remained unknown [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Involved in Morphogenesis in the Muscle–Tendon–Bone Complex

Abe

Yamamoto

2021

IJMS

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A decline in the body’s motor functions has been linked to decreased muscle mass and function in the oral cavity and throat; however, aging of the junctions of the muscles and bones has also been identified as an associated factor. Basic and clinical studies on the muscles, tendons and bones, each considered independently, have been published. In recent years, however, research has focused on muscle attachment as the muscle–tendon–bone complex from various perspectives, and there is a growing body of knowledge on SRY-box9 (Sox9) and Mohawk(Mkx), which has been identified as a common controlling factor and a key element. Myostatin, a factor that inhibits muscle growth, has been identified as a potential key element in the mechanisms of lifetime structural maintenance of the muscle–tendon–bone complex. Findings in recent studies have also uncovered aspects of the mechanisms of motor organ complex morphostasis in the superaged society of today and will lay the groundwork for treatments to prevent motor function decline in older adults.

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Mechanism of muscle–tendon–bone complex development in the head

Cited by 14 publications

References 58 publications

Switching of Sox9 expression during musculoskeletal system development

Switching of Sox9 expression during musculoskeletal system development

Association between the developing sphenoid and adult morphology: A study using sagittal sections of the skull base from human embryos and fetuses

Factors Involved in Morphogenesis in the Muscle–Tendon–Bone Complex

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