Mechanisms of Bacterial Colonization of the Respiratory Tract

Siegel, Steven J.; Weiser, Jeffrey N.

doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104209

Cited by 167 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…It has been suggested by several studies that seaweed or macroalgae provide a great variety of metabolites and natural bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, phlorotannins and other phenolic compounds, and carotenoids [12][13][14][15][16]. Similar results in protection of shrimp from Vibrio infection due to %utilization was also reported by Siegel and Weiser [18], where the seaweed extract (with the bioactive compounds including alcohols, phenols, alkenes, esters and ethers) was found to have antagonism effect against luminescence disease causing Vibrio harveyi during shrimp Penaeus monodon larviculture, possibly by reducing the exopolysaccharide and protease produced by V. harveyi that play a key role in developing infections among the shrimps.…”

Section: Shrimp Growth and Survival Following 16 D Vibrio Challenge Psupporting

confidence: 61%

Effect of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii on Growth, Survival, and Disease Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Against Vibrio harveyi in the Nursery Phase

Suantika¹,

Situmorang²,

Khakim³

et al. 2018

J Aquac Res Development

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Section: Shrimp Growth and Survival Following 16 D Vibrio Challenge Psupporting

confidence: 61%

Effect of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii on Growth, Survival, and Disease Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Against Vibrio harveyi in the Nursery Phase

Suantika¹,

Situmorang²,

Khakim³

et al. 2018

J Aquac Res Development

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“…However, many lung pathogens (a pathogen is 'a microbe that can cause disease' 46 ), such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenza , are carried in the healthy population and the factors that cause the switch between carriage and disease (such as inhibition by commensal bacteria or intercurrent viral infections) are only partly understood. 47 Therefore, criteria other than a simple presence or absence of the pathogen are necessary to define a true infection. Part of this process might be estimates of the total bacterial burden present in a sample 33 and whether the pathogens dominate the commensal community.…”

Section: Clinical Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The lung microbiome in health and disease

Moffatt¹,

Cookson²

2017

Clinical Medicine

165

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The Human Microbiome Project began 10 years ago, leading to a signifi cant growth in understanding of the role the human microbiome plays in health and disease. In this article, we explain with an emphasis on the lung, the origins of microbiome research. We discuss how 16S rRNA gene sequencing became the fi rst major molecular tool to examine the bacterial communities present within the human body. We highlight the pitfalls of molecular-based studies, such as false fi ndings resulting from contamination, and the limitations of 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Knowledge about the lung microbiome has evolved from initial scepticism to the realisation that it might have a signifi cant infl uence on many illnesses. We also discuss the lung microbiome in the context of disease by giving examples of important respiratory conditions. In addition, we draw attention to the challenges for metagenomic studies of respiratory samples and the importance of systematic bacterial isolation to enable host-microbiome interactions to be understood. We conclude by discussing how knowledge of the lung microbiome impacts current clinical diagnostics.

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“…While bacterial and host factors contributing to the carrier state have been studied in the natural host and modeled in animals, there is relatively little mechanistic understanding of transmission (4). Person-to-person spread is thought to require close contact, such as within families or day care centers, either directly from nasal secretions or possibly via contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites; 3,5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Mouse Model for the Study of Shedding and Transmission during Streptococcus pneumoniae Monoinfection

et al. 2016

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One of the least understood aspects of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is its transmission from host to host, the critical first step in both the carrier state and the disease state. To date, transmission models have depended on influenza A virus coinfection, which greatly enhances pneumococcal shedding to levels that allow acquisition by a new host. Here, we describe an infant mouse model that can be utilized to study pneumococcal colonization, shedding, and transmission during bacterial monoinfection. Using this model, we demonstrated that the level of bacterial shedding is highest in pups infected intranasally at age 4 days and peaks over the first 4 days postchallenge. Shedding results differed among isolates of five different pneumococcal types. Colonization density was found to be a major factor in the level of pneumococcal shedding and required expression of capsule. Transmission within a litter occurred when there was a high ratio of colonized "index" pups to uncolonized "contact" pups. Transmission was observed for each of the well-colonizing pneumococcal isolates, with the rate of transmission proportional to the level of shedding. This model can be used to examine bacterial and host factors that contribute to pneumococcal transmission without the effects of viral coinfection.T ransmission from one infected individual to another is necessary for most agents of infection. For Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), a leading opportunistic Gram-positive human pathogen, transmission occurs primarily from hosts colonized on the mucosal surfaces of their upper respiratory tract (the carrier state; 1). Bacterial acquisition and colonization of the mucosal surfaces of the nasopharynx by pneumococci are dynamic, transient processes which are generally asymptomatic and occur most commonly during early childhood. Under certain circumstances, however, pneumococci gain access to normally sterile environments within the host, resulting in diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Acute respiratory infections associated with the pneumococcus represent a significant public health burden, with an estimated 14.5 million cases of serious pneumococcal disease worldwide (2). None of its many disease states, however, is thought to promote pneumococcal contagion (3).While bacterial and host factors contributing to the carrier state have been studied in the natural host and modeled in animals, there is relatively little mechanistic understanding of transmission (4). Person-to-person spread is thought to require close contact, such as within families or day care centers, either directly from nasal secretions or possibly via contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites; 3, 5). Therefore, one of the key steps in pneumococcal contagion involves the exit or shedding of the organism from the respiratory tract of a colonized individual.A factor known to enhance pneumococcal shedding is a concurrent or recent viral respiratory infection (6, 7). Increased rates of carriage associated ...

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Mechanisms of Bacterial Colonization of the Respiratory Tract

Cited by 167 publications

References 133 publications

Effect of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii on Growth, Survival, and Disease Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Against Vibrio harveyi in the Nursery Phase

Effect of Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii on Growth, Survival, and Disease Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Against Vibrio harveyi in the Nursery Phase

The lung microbiome in health and disease

Infant Mouse Model for the Study of Shedding and Transmission during Streptococcus pneumoniae Monoinfection

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