Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid production

Xiang, Jianming; Hua, Ya; Xi, Guohua; Keep, Richard F.

doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106159

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…The luminal membrane of these cells contains the Na/K-ATPase protein. This polarized distribution of ion transporter proteins may serve as the foundation for active fluid secretion across the blood-brain barrier [ 57 ]. Besides, they confirmed that Na + -K + -2Cl − contransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1), Sodium bicarbonate cotransport and Na + /K + -ATPase may be key factors of CSF secretion [ 58 ].…”

Section: Cerebrospinal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus

Zhang,

Hu,

Wang

2024

Neurochem Res

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The brain’s ventricles are filled with a colorless fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). When there is an excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles, it can result in high intracranial pressure, ventricular enlargement, and compression of the surrounding brain tissue, leading to potential damage. This condition is referred to as hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is classified into two categories: congenital and acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) poses significant challenges for affected children and their families, particularly in resource-poor countries. Recognizing the psychological and economic impacts is crucial for developing interventions and support systems that can help alleviate the distress and burden faced by these families. As our understanding of CSF production and circulation improves, we are gaining clearer insights into the causes of CH. In this article, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding CSF circulation pathways and the underlying causes of CH. The main causes of CH include abnormalities in the FoxJ1 pathway of ventricular cilia, dysfunctions in the choroid plexus transporter Na+-K+-2Cl- contransporter isoform 1, developmental abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, and structural abnormalities within the brain. Understanding the causes of CH is indeed crucial for advancing research and developing effective treatment strategies. In this review, we will summarize the findings from existing studies on the causes of CH and propose potential research directions to further our understanding of this condition.

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Section: Cerebrospinal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus

Zhang,

Hu,

Wang

2024

Neurochem Res

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“…The inflow and outflow of the CSF do not follow a homogeneous cycle, and it is not possible to create a precise pattern of the rhythm and amplitude of the movement it undergoes. CSF can be found in the ventricles, in the subarachnoid space, where it will contact the perivascular space (in contact with the extracellular fluids), in the interstitial space (in communication with the ventricular wall), and within the cellular fluids [ 53 ]. The quantity produced in 24 hours is about 500 milliliters, with a synthesis of about three to four times a day, with circadian and age-based variables [ 53 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CSF can be found in the ventricles, in the subarachnoid space, where it will contact the perivascular space (in contact with the extracellular fluids), in the interstitial space (in communication with the ventricular wall), and within the cellular fluids [ 53 ]. The quantity produced in 24 hours is about 500 milliliters, with a synthesis of about three to four times a day, with circadian and age-based variables [ 53 ]. One of the foundations of craniosacral therapy is the claim that CSF is produced cyclically by the choroid plexus and is one of the reasons for pulsatility [ 52 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current research casts strong doubts on whether the choroid plexus is the source of CSF synthesis; one of the hypotheses is the production by the capillary-astrocyte complex, filtering the interstitial fluids. Furthermore, it is the cardiac rhythm and the movement of the diaphragm muscle that prompts the inflow-outflow of this fluid [ 53 ]. CSF always moves in a bi-directional manner, with forward and backward movements; this fluid enters and leaves the nervous system in a chaotic manner, without a precise pattern [ 53 , 54 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rethinking the Origin of the Primary Respiratory Mechanism

Bordoni,

Escher

2023

Cureus

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Spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is the joint regarded as the most important foundation for understanding cranial osteopathy and craniosacral therapy. SOS is the origin of the primary respiratory mechanism (PRM), a movement between the posterior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone and the anterior surface of the base of the occipital bone. From the PRM perspective, an alteration of the position between the two bone surfaces would create cranial and/or craniosacral dysfunction. These positional alterations of the SOS (in adults and children) would determine specific and schematical movements of the bones of the entire skull, whose movements are recognizable by palpation by trained operators. PRM expression is influenced by other elements, such as movement of the cranial bones, inherent movement of the central nervous system, cyclic movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mechanical tension of the cranial meninges, and passive movement of the sacral bone between the iliac bones. The article reviews the most up-to-date information on the evolution of cranial sutures/joints and meninges in adulthood, the fluctuations of the CSF, brain, and spinal mass movements. Research should reconsider the motivations that induce the operator to discriminate the palpable cranial rhythmic impulse, and probably, to rethink new cranial dysfunctional patterns.

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“…5 ). A methodological strength is that it measures overall CSF clearance and is thus independent on knowledge about particular clearance pathways, a question that is still debated [ 10 , 93 ]. Being a surrogate marker of endogenous solutes of much larger size, it has yet not been validated against established biomarkers in CSF, but was associated with plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration [ 94 ], and also with their fluctuations in plasma after sleep deprivation [ 95 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glymphatic-lymphatic coupling: assessment of the evidence from magnetic resonance imaging of humans

Ringstad,

Eide

2024

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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The discoveries that cerebrospinal fluid participates in metabolic perivascular exchange with the brain and further drains solutes to meningeal lymphatic vessels have sparked a tremendous interest in translating these seminal findings from animals to humans. A potential two-way coupling between the brain extra-vascular compartment and the peripheral immune system has implications that exceed those concerning neurodegenerative diseases, but also imply that the central nervous system has pushed its immunological borders toward the periphery, where cross-talk mediated by cerebrospinal fluid may play a role in a range of neoplastic and immunological diseases. Due to its non-invasive approach, magnetic resonance imaging has typically been the preferred methodology in attempts to image the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in humans. Even if flourishing, the research field is still in its cradle, and interpretations of imaging findings that topographically associate with reports from animals have yet seemed to downplay the presence of previously described anatomical constituents, particularly in the dura. In this brief review, we illuminate these challenges and assess the evidence for a glymphatic-lymphatic coupling. Finally, we provide a new perspective on how human brain and meningeal clearance function may possibly be measured in future.

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Mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid and brain interstitial fluid production

Cited by 14 publications

References 124 publications

A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus

A Review of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation and the Pathogenesis of Congenital Hydrocephalus

Rethinking the Origin of the Primary Respiratory Mechanism

Glymphatic-lymphatic coupling: assessment of the evidence from magnetic resonance imaging of humans

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