“…This classification refers to an inhalation hazard. The sensitising effect may also occur through exposure routes other than inhalation (Baur et al, 1984;De Vooght et al, 2010;Kimber and Dearman, 2002;Vanoirbeek et al, 2008). The respiratory-tract-sensitising effect is therefore also considered a "high hazard" in the case of skin contact and band C in the event of uptake after dermal exposure is assigned to this statement.…”
Section: Sensitisation and Risk Of Aspirationmentioning
“…This classification refers to an inhalation hazard. The sensitising effect may also occur through exposure routes other than inhalation (Baur et al, 1984;De Vooght et al, 2010;Kimber and Dearman, 2002;Vanoirbeek et al, 2008). The respiratory-tract-sensitising effect is therefore also considered a "high hazard" in the case of skin contact and band C in the event of uptake after dermal exposure is assigned to this statement.…”
Section: Sensitisation and Risk Of Aspirationmentioning
“…The first involves a specific immunological response to a workplace sensitiser. These sensitisers are high-molecular-weight agents acting via the production of specific IgE antibodies or low-molecular-weight chemicals acting via other, hitherto less clarified immunological pathways [5][6][7][8]. The term IIA refers to asthma caused by exposure to agents that, when inhaled, act as respiratory irritants in the absence of sensitisation [9,10].…”
“…Therefore, exposure of sensitized individuals to NPs is potentially hazardous and needs to be explored (Box 3). BOX 3ANIMAL MODELS FOR ASTHMAAlthough no mouse model is currently able to mimic the full range of clinical manifestations of human asthma, a number of models reproduce important features that characterize its most common phenotypes, including airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and pulmonary inflammation.Most animal models, are developed to study allergic asthma, and use biological agents with a relative high‐molecular‐weight (HMW), the most common used molecule is OVA but other proteins or pollen have also been used (refer to recent reviews by Ref 79); far fewer models have been developed for chemical‐induced [low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) agents] asthma (refer to recent reviews by Ref 80). As compared with asthma induced by HMW agents, where eosinophils and lymphocytes are the characteristic cell types present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, asthma induced by LMW agents has been associated with an influx of mainly neutrophils and eosinophils.Independent of the compound used to induce the asthmatic phenotype, all animals undergo a sensitization prior to the challenge inducing hyperreactivity.…”
Section: Adaptive Immune Responsementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most animal models, are developed to study allergic asthma, and use biological agents with a relative high‐molecular‐weight (HMW), the most common used molecule is OVA but other proteins or pollen have also been used (refer to recent reviews by Ref 79); far fewer models have been developed for chemical‐induced [low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) agents] asthma (refer to recent reviews by Ref 80).…”
Evaluation of the immunomodulatory potentials of nanomaterials is essential for developing safe and consumer-friendly nanotechnology. Various nanomaterials interact with the immune system, in a beneficial or deleterious way, but mechanistic details about such interactions are scarce. A lack of agreed-upon guidelines for evaluating the immunotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) adds to the complexity of the issue. Various review articles have summarized the immune system interactions of biodegradable NPs (with pharmaceutical uses), but such information is largely lacking for nonbiodegradable NPs. Here we give an overview of interactions of nonbiodegradable, persistent NPs with the immune system. Particular emphases include key factors that shape such interactions, cell-specific responses, allergy and immune-sensitive respiratory disorders.
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