Mechanisms of Organic Electrode Reactions

Elving, Philip J.; Pullman, Bernard

doi:10.1002/9780470143490.ch1

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In [12], a scheme was proposed describing the mechanism of electrochemical reduction of the C-Cl bond…”

Section: Electrochemical Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radiolysis of chloroform does not produce hydrogen and chlorine; this indicates that the reactions (11) and (12) below do not compete with the reactions (5) and (6) [20] Cl . + CHCl 3 Cl 2 + C .…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Two electrons are spent for breaking the C-Cl bond; the half-wave potential in most cases does not depend on the pH of the medium; in general, the electrode reaction is irreversible [1]. There is an approximate linear relationship between the half-wave potential of the reactionsIn [12], a scheme was proposed describing the mechanism of electrochemical reduction of the C-Cl bondRClHowever, there is another point of view, according to which there is a simultaneous transfer of a pair of electrons, similar to that for nucleophilic substitution reactions [1].Electrochemical reduction is carried out on cathodes of copper, zinc, amalgamated zinc, palladium, cadmium, mercury, and lead [13]. The cathodic dechlorination proceeds in an alkaline environment more efficiently than in an acidic one; however, in most cases, acidic electrolytes are used to avoid such side reactions as saponification [13,14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…+ CHCl 3 H 2 + C . Cl 3 (12) The radiochemical stability of lower perchlorolefins and dienes declines in the series [1] C5Cl8 > C4Cl6 > C3Cl6 > C2Cl4…”

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confidence: 99%

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Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Hydrodechlorination Processes—Catalysts and Technologies

Flid¹,

Kartashov²,

Treger³

2020

Catalysts

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The commercial implementation of hydrodechlorination processes will be an essential step in resolving the problem of environmentally sound organochlorine wastes processing. By now, there is a number of fundamental, applied, and process elaborations of such processes, in which chlorine is almost completely removed from wastes. The review article contains a significant number of results including basic regularities of thermal hydrodechlorination, comprehensive and selective catalytic hydrodechlorination. It discusses thermodynamics, kinetics, and catalysts of gas and liquid phase processes. Considerable attention is paid to hydrodechlorination of vinyl chloride production wastes and utilization of tetrachloromethane, which is the ozone-depleting substance. It also discusses hydrodechlorination of mono-and (poly)chlorobenzenes. The important examples of liquid phase data include hydrogenation using complex hydrides of elements. It also includes several flow sheets of hydrodechlorination processes.Various methods for C-Cl bonds reduction in non-cyclic organochlorine compounds can be divided into the following groups:Catalysts 2020, 10, 216 3 of 52 one should note the reviews [4,10] published in the 1990s. It is noted that catalytic methods are more widely used for hydrodechlorination. Electrochemical ReductionElectrochemical reduction is a complex process in which the speed and direction of reactions depend on many factors. It is characterized by the following features. Two electrons are spent for breaking the C-Cl bond; the half-wave potential in most cases does not depend on the pH of the medium; in general, the electrode reaction is irreversible [1]. There is an approximate linear relationship between the half-wave potential of the reactionsIn [12], a scheme was proposed describing the mechanism of electrochemical reduction of the C-Cl bondRClHowever, there is another point of view, according to which there is a simultaneous transfer of a pair of electrons, similar to that for nucleophilic substitution reactions [1].Electrochemical reduction is carried out on cathodes of copper, zinc, amalgamated zinc, palladium, cadmium, mercury, and lead [13]. The cathodic dechlorination proceeds in an alkaline environment more efficiently than in an acidic one; however, in most cases, acidic electrolytes are used to avoid such side reactions as saponification [13,14]. The recovery is usually carried out in inert solvents, in particular in alcohols. In [13], the influence of the reduction conditions-the cathode material, current density, the nature of electrolyte and solvent, the concentration of the reducible substance, and temperature-on the course of the reaction is described.The recovery of monochlorohydrocarbons is difficult and results mainly in the replacement of chlorine by hydrogen in accordance with the overall equationIn some cases, dimeric compounds (R-R) are formed according to the schemeThe recovery of vinyl chlorine is difficult, and that of the allyl one is facilitated in comparison with chlorine in saturated com...

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“…In [12], a scheme was proposed describing the mechanism of electrochemical reduction of the C-Cl bond…”

Section: Electrochemical Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…+ CHCl 3 H 2 + C . Cl 3 (12) The radiochemical stability of lower perchlorolefins and dienes declines in the series [1] C5Cl8 > C4Cl6 > C3Cl6 > C2Cl4…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Hydrodechlorination Processes—Catalysts and Technologies

Flid¹,

Kartashov²,

Treger³

2020

Catalysts

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“…The advantages could be 1) yield (in major cases adequate or ample); 2) negligible cost (excluding the cost of equipment, the chemical reagent and power are relatively cheap); and 3) easy work-up (the formation of side product is little, and in most cases, work-up involves the removal of only the electrolyte and solvent). Numerous review articles have been published in this field of organic electrochemistry that summarize the advances made over the years, such as the Kolbe reaction ( Glasstone and Hickling, 1939 ; Vijh and Conway, 1967 ) and electrochemical reduction ( Popp and Schultz, 1962 ; Elving and Pullman, 2009 ). The groups of Steckhan ( Steckhan, 1986 ; Steckhan, 1987 ), Little ( Francke and Little, 2014 ), and Nikishin ( Ogibin et al, 2009 ) reviewed the advances in indirect electrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical organic reactions: A tutorial review

et al. 2023

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Although the core of electrochemistry involves simple oxidation and reduction reactions, it can be complicated in real electrochemical organic reactions. The principles used in electrochemical reactions have been derived using physical organic chemistry, which drives other organic/inorganic reactions. This review mainly comprises two themes: the first discusses the factors that help optimize an electrochemical reaction, including electrodes, supporting electrolytes, and electrochemical cell design, and the second outlines studies conducted in the field over a period of 10 years. Electrochemical reactions can be used as a versatile tool for synthetically important reactions by modifying the constant electrolysis current.

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Electrolytic Reductive Coupling: Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects

Baizer

Petrovich

1970

Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry

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Mechanisms of Organic Electrode Reactions

Cited by 28 publications

References 23 publications

Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Hydrodechlorination Processes—Catalysts and Technologies

Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Hydrodechlorination Processes—Catalysts and Technologies

Electrochemical organic reactions: A tutorial review

Electrolytic Reductive Coupling: Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects

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