Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungi in Woody Plants: A Historical Perspective

Merrill, W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_1

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Despite, or perhaps because of, its ubiquity and eVectiveness in protecting the underlying tissue, there have been, according to Pearce (1996), a few detailed studies of the constitutive protection provided by secondary plant surfaces (cf. Campbell et al 1980;Pearce 1987;Merrill 1992). Few fungi appear to be able to penetrate an intact bark surface directly from spore inoculum (Dickinson 1976); one example is Heterobasidiom annosum s.l.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species

Alfredsen¹,

Solheim²

2008

Eur J Forest Res

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The inhibitory eVect of methanol bark extracts from six deciduous and three coniferous European tree species were bioassayed against eight fungi from the diVerent damage categories, brown rot, white rot, canker and blue-stain. This is the Wrst report providing data on the antifungal activity of several Europaen tree species against fungi within these damage categories. Generally the decay fungi were more inhibited by the bark extracts than the blue-stain fungi, while the lowest inhibition was found among the cancer fungi. The main pattern found between the fungal groups in relation to the bark extracts in this study is believed to be caused by the route of ingress. Acer platanoides bark extract proved to be the most eYcient bark extract tested, signiWcantly reducing the growth rate of all tested fungi. Betula pubescens bark extract generally gave the weakest reduction in growth rate. In this study, the conifer bark extracts were in general more active against the canker and blue stain ascomycete fungi than the deciduous trees extracts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species

Alfredsen¹,

Solheim²

2008

Eur J Forest Res

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“…Tree bark, for example, provides not only a physical protective barrier for plants, but also an important chemical defense mediated through the secondary compounds they produce (Horsfall 1980;Merrill 1992;Alfredsen et al 2008). Numerous studies recently conducted on bark extracts focus on tropical tree species (da Silva et al 2013;Kusumoto et al 2014;Salem et al 2015a;Yessoufou et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Bioactivity and Antimicrobial Activity of Picea abies and Larix decidua Wood and Bark Extracts

Salem

Elansary

Elkelish

et al. 2016

BioRes

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Picea abies and Larix decidua were subjected to GC/MS analyses, and antimicrobial (fungi and bacteria) assays of their stem wood and bark extracts were investigated. L. decidua bark extract exhibited the highest antifungal and antibacterial activities against the microorganisms that were screened. The microbes Penecillium ochrochloron and Aspergillus ochraceus were the most sensitive to the extracts, whereas Candida albicans was the most resistant fungus. L. decidua wood and bark did not exhibit much variation in their antibacterial activities, except against Micrococcus flavus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacterium most sensitive to the extracts was Escherichia coli, whereas the most resistant was M. flavus. 13-epimanool and α-cedrol were the main components of P. abies wood extract. The main components in its bark were abietic acid, astringin, dehydroabietic acid, and α-terpineol. The main chemical compounds in L. decidua wood extract were abietic acid, oleanolic acid, duvatrienediol, and larixol. The main chemical compounds in its bark were (-)-2,9-dihydroxyverrucosane and larixol. The study revealed that P. abies and L. decidua stem wood and bark extracts contain several compounds that have antimicrobial activities towards diverse human pathogenic, food, and agricultural microbes. These results might guide in future searches for novel natural products with chemotherapeutic uses. (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; b: Molecular Biology Laboratory, Floriculture, Ornamental Horticulture and Garden Design Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; c: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; d: Department of Wood Processing, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; e: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; f: Department of Timber Trees Research, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt; g: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, South Africa; * Corresponding author: zidan_forest@yahoo.com; mohamed-salim@alexu.edu.eg Keywords: Picea abies; Larix decidua; Antifungal activity; Antibacterial activity; GC/MS Contact information: a: Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Faculty of Agriculture INTRODUCTIONForestry residues such as tree barks and branches are important but underexplored supplies of biologically or pharmaceutically active compounds (Liimatainen et al. 2012;Si et al. 2012;Patinha et al. 2013). Tree bark, for example, provides not only a physical protective barrier for plants, but also an important chemical defense mediated through the secondary compounds they produce (Horsfall 1980;Merrill 1992;Alfredsen et al. 2008). Numerous studies recently conducted on bark extracts focus on tropical tree spec...

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“…Face aux problèmes aigus de l'attaque des agents pathogènes, on observe que certaines essences ligneuses développent une excellente résistance à la biodégradation, grâce à leurs mécanismes de défense actifs ou passifs impliquant la formation de barrières physiques ou chimiques [54]. À cet égard, les substances naturelles biosynthétisées activement ou passivement à l'intérieur des tissus exposés peuvent être inhibitrices, voir toxiques pour le pathogè-ne.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Caract�risation et origine des tropolones responsables de la durabilit� naturelle des Cupressac�es. Application potentielle en pr�servation du bois

Haluk

Roussel

2000

Ann. For. Sci.

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Résumé -L'objectif de cette revue est de présenter la nature chimique d'une famille de composés extractibles appelée tropolones, répertoriée dans l'ordre des Cupressales et considérée comme étant responsable de la durabilité naturelle des essences contenant ces métabolites secondaires. Des tropolones, en particulier les α, β et γ-thujaplicines, ont souvent été isolées à partir de Cupressacées (Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Thuja, …) qui possèdent en effet un bois très résistant à la biodégradation. Des études déjà anciennes ont montré la toxicité importante des tropolones vis-à-vis des champignons de la pourriture du bois et des insectes. Il serait donc intéressant de pouvoir exploiter cette propriété au niveau industriel en substituant les agents chimiques de préservation du bois (CCA, etc.) par des molécules naturelles biocides. Ce concept peut donc constituer un enjeu prometteur pour le respect de l'environnement. Comme l'extraction de ces substances par des méthodes habituelles (solvant, CO 2 supercritique) ou leur synthèse chimique, onéreuse et peu rentable, ne sont pas envisageables au niveau industriel, l'exploitation des biotechnologies végétales (cals, suspensions cellulaires) peut constituer une démarche judicieuse pour l'obtention rapide de ces molécules biocides. En effet, la biosynthèse des tropolones a été obtenue par culture cellulaire de Thuja plicata et des premiers essais d'imprégnation d'éprouvettes de bois avec un extrait brut obtenu à partir des cellules végétales tendent à confirmer l'efficacité antifongique de ce nouveau type de traitement de préservation du bois.tropolones / Cupressacées / durabilité naturelle / préservation du bois / biotechnologies végétales Abstract -Characterization and origin of tropolones responsible for the cupressales natural durability. Potential application to wood preservation. The aim of this review is to present the chemical structure of a group of compounds naturally found in the trees belonging to the Order of the Cupressales, and being considered responsible for this wood species natural durability: namely tropolones. These compounds, and particularly the α, β and γ-thujaplicin, have often been isolated from Cupressaceae (Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Thuja, …), which timber is extremely resistant to biodegradation. Previous studies have shown the important inhibition properties of the tropolones towards wood-destroying fungi and insects. Then, it would be an environmental and safety challenge to use these properties at an industrial scale, as a substitution to the toxic wood preservatives (such as CCA). However, either the extraction of these molecules (solvent extraction, CO 2 supercritical fluid, …) or their synthesis are far too expensive for such an application. The use of biotechnologies (cals, cell suspensions, …) could be judicious solution to get a cost-effective production of tropolones. Biosynthesis of tropolones from cell cultures of Thuja plicata has already been assessed, and first wood impregnation trials with crude extracts ha...

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Mechanisms of Resistance to Fungi in Woody Plants: A Historical Perspective

Cited by 18 publications

References 22 publications

Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species

Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species

In vitro Bioactivity and Antimicrobial Activity of Picea abies and Larix decidua Wood and Bark Extracts

Caract�risation et origine des tropolones responsables de la durabilit� naturelle des Cupressac�es. Application potentielle en pr�servation du bois

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