Mechanisms of Resistance to Quinolones

Solano-Gálvez, Sandra Georgina; Valencia-Segrove, María Fernanda; Prado, María José Ostos; Boucieguez, Ana Berenice López; Álvarez-Hernández, Diego Abelardo; Vázquez-López, Rosalino

doi:10.5772/intechopen.92577

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Quinolone resistance in bacteria usually occurs when there are mutations in the sequences that code for QRDRs domains GyrA, ParC, and, less frequently, ParE (Solano-Gálvez et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quinolone resistance in bacteria usually occurs when there are mutations in the sequences that code for QRDRs domains GyrA, ParC, and, less frequently, ParE ( Solano-Gálvez et al, 2020 ). Consistent with what has been reported, we observed mutations in the mentioned QRDRs in all 21 isolates, in addition to fluoroquinolone resistance–mediating genes which consequently translated into the observed resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible Dissemination of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 410 Closely Related to B4/H24RxC in Ghana

et al. 2021

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Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is one of the world’s leading causes of bloodstream infections with high mortality. Sequence type 410 (ST410) is an emerging ExPEC clone resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. In this study, we investigated the epidemiology of 21 ST410 E. coli isolates from two Ghanaian hospitals. We also investigated the isolates within a global context to provide further insight into the dissemination of this highly pathogenic clone. A phylogenetic tree of the 21 isolate genomes, along with 102 others from global collection, was constructed representing the ensuing clades and sub-clades of the ST: A/H53, B2/H24R, B3/H24Rx, and B4/H24RxC. The carbapenem-resistant sub-clade B4/H24RxC is reported to have emerged in the early 2000s when ST410 acquired an IncX3 plasmid carrying a blaOXA–181 carbapenemase gene, and a second carbapenemase gene, blaNDM–5, on a conserved IncFII plasmid in 2014. We identified, in this study, one blaOXA–181–carrying isolate belonging to B4/H24RxC sub-lineage and one carrying blaNDM–1 belonging to sub-lineage B3/H24Rx. The blaOXA–181 gene was found on a 51kb IncX3 plasmid; pEc1079_3. The majority (12/21) of our Ghanaian isolates were clustered with international strains described by previous authors as closely related strains to B4/H24RxC. Six others were clustered among the ESBL-associated sub-lineage B3/H24Rx and three with the globally disseminated sub-lineage B4/H24RxC. The results show that this highly pathogenic clone is disseminated in Ghana and, given its ability to transmit between hosts, it poses a serious threat and should be monitored closely.

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“…Quinolone resistance in bacteria usually occurs when there are mutations in the sequences that code for QRDRs domains GyrA, ParC, and, less frequently, ParE (Solano-Gálvez et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Dissemination of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 410 Closely Related to B4/H24RxC in Ghana

et al. 2021

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“…In general, DNA gyrase from Gram-negative bacteria is more susceptible to inhibition than topoisomerase IV. On the other hand, topoisomerase IV from Gram-positive bacteria is more susceptible to inhibition than DNA gyrase [ 75 ].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Characterization of the Millennial Antibacterial (Fluoro)Quinolones—Shaping the Fifth Generation

et al. 2021

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The evolution of the class of antibacterial quinolones includes the introduction in therapy of highly successful compounds. Although many representatives were withdrawn due to severe adverse reactions, a few representatives have proven their therapeutical value over time. The classification of antibacterial quinolones into generations is a valuable tool for physicians, pharmacists, and researchers. In addition, the transition from one generation to another has brought new representatives with improved properties. In the last two decades, several representatives of antibacterial quinolones received approval for therapy. This review sets out to chronologically outline the group of approved antibacterial quinolones since 2000. Special attention is given to eight representatives: besifloxacin, delafoxacin, finafloxacin, lascufloxacin, nadifloxacin and levonadifloxacin, nemonoxacin, and zabofloxacin. These compounds have been characterized regarding physicochemical properties, formulations, antibacterial activity spectrum and advantageous structural characteristics related to antibacterial efficiency. At present these new compounds (with the exception of nadifloxacin) are reported differently, most often in the fourth generation and less frequently in a new generation (the fifth). Although these new compounds’ mechanism does not contain essential new elements, the question of shaping a new generation (the fifth) arises, based on higher potency and broad spectrum of activity, including resistant bacterial strains. The functional groups that ensured the biological activity, good pharmacokinetic properties and a safety profile were highlighted. In addition, these new representatives have a low risk of determining bacterial resistance. Several positive aspects are added to the fourth fluoroquinolones generation, characteristics that can be the basis of the fifth generation. Antibacterial quinolones class continues to acquire new compounds with antibacterial potential, among other effects. Numerous derivatives, hybrids or conjugates are currently in various stages of research.

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“…11 Klebsiella species harbor plasmids responsible for resistance to β-lactams, specifically extended-spectrum cephalosporins and also carbapenems. 12 All these make the treatment options limited and end up in the usage of last line of drugs like fluoroquinolones. Unfortunately, K. pneumoniae resistance to fluoroquinolones has drastically increased and has been reported in the recent past.…”

Section: Drug Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Action of Efflux Pump Genes in Conferring Drug Resistance to Klebsiella Species and Their Inhibition

Ashwath

Akhila

2021

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU

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Nosocomial infections caused by Klebsiella species are characterized by high rates of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria reduces the antibiotic efficacy in the treatment of infections caused by the microorganisms. Management of these infections is often difficult, due to the high frequency of strains resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Multidrug efflux pumps play a major role as a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. Efflux systems are significant in conferring intrinsic and acquired resistance to the bacteria. The emergence of increasing drug resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae nosocomial isolates has limited the therapeutic options for treatment of these infections and hence there is a constant quest for an alternative. In this review, we discuss various resistance mechanisms, focusing on efflux pumps and related genes in conferring resistance to Klebsiella. The role of various efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) in restoring the antibacterial activity has also been discussed. In specific, antisense oligonucleotides as alternative therapeutics in combatting efflux-mediated resistance in Klebsiella species have focused upon.

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Mechanisms of Resistance to Quinolones

Cited by 10 publications

References 111 publications

Possible Dissemination of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 410 Closely Related to B4/H24RxC in Ghana

Possible Dissemination of Escherichia coli Sequence Type 410 Closely Related to B4/H24RxC in Ghana

Structural Characterization of the Millennial Antibacterial (Fluoro)Quinolones—Shaping the Fifth Generation

The Action of Efflux Pump Genes in Conferring Drug Resistance to Klebsiella Species and Their Inhibition

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