Mechanoreceptive and Nociceptive Responses in the Central Nervous System of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Dunlop, Rebecca A.; Laming, Peter R.

doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.02.010

Cited by 88 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In this sense, the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been reported to present nociceptors that respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimulations (Sneddon 2003a, Dunlop & Laming 2005, Ashley et al 2007) and morphine reduced dramatically the behavioral and physiological responses after injection of a noxious stimulus (Sneddon 2003b). As a teleost fish, zebrafish, has an analgesic system, opioid system (Gonzalez-Nunez & Rodriguez 2009), and according to our findings, this organism also has the receptor of SP, Tacr1a and Tacr1b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be deduced that this organism through this nociceptive and tachykinin system can feel pain. Unfortunately, at present, a prototypic behavioral pain model in zebrafish has not been developed, as in mouse and rat, to corroborate the molecular and electrophysiological findings of pain in fishes (Sneddon 2003a, Dunlop & Laming 2005, Ashley et al 2007. However, all the recent studies using the zebrafish as a model point to this organism as a new potential model in the study of pain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of tachykinin receptors (tacr1a and tacr1b) in zebrafish: influence of cocaine and opioid receptors

López-Bellido¹,

Barreto-Valer²,

Rodrı́guez³

2012

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Opioid and tachykinin receptors (TACRs) are closely related in addiction and pain processes. In zebrafish, opioid receptors have been cloned and characterized both biochemically and pharmacologically. However, the tacr1 gene has not yet been described in zebrafish. The aim of this research was to identify the tacr1 gene, study the effects of cocaine on tacr1, and analyze the interaction between tacr1 and opioid receptors. We have identified a duplicate of tacr1 gene in zebrafish, designated as tacr1a and tacr1b. Phylogenetic analyses revealed an alignment of these receptors in the Tacr1 fish cluster, with a clear distinction from other TACR1s of amphibians, birds, and mammals. Our qPCR results showed that tacr1a and tacr1b mRNAs are expressed during embryonic development. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed tacr1 expression in the CNS and in the peripheral tissues. Cocaine (1.5 mM) induced an upregulation of tacr1a and tacr1b at 24 and 48 h post-fertilization (hpf; except for tacr1a at 48 hpf, which was downregulated). By contrast, HEK-293 cells transfected with tacr1a and tacr1b and exposed to cocaine showed a downregulation of tacr1s. The knockdown of ZfDOR2 and ZfMOR, opioid receptors, induced a down-and upregulation of tacr1a and tacr1b respectively. In conclusion, tacr1a and tacr1b in zebrafish are widely expressed throughout the CNS and peripherally, suggesting a critical role of these tacr1s during embryogenesis. tacr1a and tacr1b mRNA expression is altered by cocaine exposure and by the knockdown of opioid receptors. Thus, zebrafish can provide clues for a better understanding of the relationship between tachykinin and opioid receptors in pain and addiction during embryonic development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of tachykinin receptors (tacr1a and tacr1b) in zebrafish: influence of cocaine and opioid receptors

López-Bellido¹,

Barreto-Valer²,

Rodrı́guez³

2012

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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“…Furthermore, multiple brain areas are active during noxious stimulation [e.g. studies of gene expression in the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and rainbow trout (Reilly et al, 2008a); electrical activity in all brain areas in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (Nordgreen et al, 2007), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and rainbow trout (Dunlop and Laming, 2005); activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in common carp (Sneddon, 2011)]; thus, activity differs from that in response to innocuous stimuli and is not limited to the hindbrain and spinal cord nociceptive reflex centres (Rose, 2002). More complicated Some studies show pain is imperative whereas others demonstrate reduced pain behaviour when birds are hungry or placed in novel circumstances.…”

Section: Pain In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain in aquatic animals

Sneddon

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

176

102

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Recent developments in the study of pain in animals have demonstrated the potential for pain perception in a variety of wholly aquatic species such as molluscs, crustaceans and fish. This allows us to gain insight into how the ecological pressures and differential life history of living in a watery medium can yield novel data that inform the comparative physiology and evolution of pain. Nociception is the simple detection of potentially painful stimuli usually accompanied by a reflex withdrawal response, and nociceptors have been found in aquatic invertebrates such as the sea slug Aplysia. It would seem adaptive to have a warning system that allows animals to avoid lifethreatening injury, yet debate does still continue over the capacity for non-mammalian species to experience the discomfort or suffering that is a key component of pain rather than a nociceptive reflex. Contemporary studies over the last 10 years have demonstrated that bony fish possess nociceptors that are similar to those in mammals; that they demonstrate pain-related changes in physiology and behaviour that are reduced by painkillers; that they exhibit higher brain activity when painfully stimulated; and that pain is more important than showing fear or anti-predator behaviour in bony fish. The neurophysiological basis of nociception or pain in fish is demonstrably similar to that in mammals. Pain perception in invertebrates is more controversial as they lack the vertebrate brain, yet recent research evidence confirms that there are behavioural changes in response to potentially painful events. This review will assess the field of pain perception in aquatic species, focusing on fish and selected invertebrate groups to interpret how research findings can inform our understanding of the physiology and evolution of pain. Further, if we accept these animals may be capable of experiencing the negative experience of pain, then the wider implications of human use of these animals should be considered.

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“…Studies are also addressing the importance of higher brain centres in processing potentially painful information. Dunlop and Laming (2005) have demonstrated that there is substantial nerve activity in the brain including the cortical areas during noxious stimulation in goldfish and rainbow trout and recent data on gene expression has shown that most expression changes occur in the forebrain where the fish cortex is situated (Reilly and Sneddon, unpub. data).…”

Section: The Question Of Pain In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal welfare perspectives on recreational angling

Cooke

Sneddon

2007

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

135

127

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Fish captured by recreational anglers are often released either voluntarily or because of harvest regulations in a process called ''catch-and-release''. Catch-and-release angling is thought to be beneficial for the conservation of fish stocks based on the premise that most of the fish that are released survive. However, expanding interest in animal welfare has promoted debate regarding the ethics of catch-and-release angling. There is a growing recognition that fish can consciously experience nociception and that they have some capacity to experience pain and fear. Indeed, empirical anatomical, physiological, and behavioural evidence supports the notion that fish could experience these two forms of suffering (i.e., pain and fear). Based on that premise, we examine existing catch-and-release research from a welfare perspective to determine the extent to which potential pain and suffering could be caused. There are numerous studies that provide analyses of the consequences of catch-and-release on the individual demonstrating physical injury, sublethal alterations in behaviour, physiology, or fitness, and mortality. Collectively, this research suggests that all recreational fishing results in some level of injury and stress to an individual fish. However, the severity of injury, magnitude of stress, and potential for mortality varies extensively in response to a variety of factors. Interestingly, this information can be used to identify strategies that anglers may adopt that minimize these effects through changes in either gear (e.g., type of hook, bait, or net) or angling practices (e.g., duration of fight and air exposure, fishing during extreme environmental conditions, fishing during the reproductive period). Although aspects of the catch-and-release angling experience cannot be refined (e.g., the need to physically hook the fish), we argue that informed anglers and fisheries managers can adopt practices to improve the welfare of angled fish. Although consideration of fish welfare is somewhat abstract to most anglers and fisheries managers, ultimately it benefits the individual fish, while simultaneously benefiting the fish population and fishery. Greater integration of welfare consideration into recreational and commercial fisheries should promote innovative solutions to minimize pain and suffering, which should also enhance conservation and management. #

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Mechanoreceptive and Nociceptive Responses in the Central Nervous System of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Cited by 88 publications

References 25 publications

Expression of tachykinin receptors (tacr1a and tacr1b) in zebrafish: influence of cocaine and opioid receptors

Expression of tachykinin receptors (tacr1a and tacr1b) in zebrafish: influence of cocaine and opioid receptors

Pain in aquatic animals

Animal welfare perspectives on recreational angling

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