Pain in aquatic animals

Sneddon, Lynne U.

doi:10.1242/jeb.088823

Cited by 175 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…However, other studies with similar measurement methods have found the opposite, with castrated piglets spending more time standing than sham-castrated controls (Taylor et al 2001). Such differing results highlight the difficulty in reliably assessing pain in animals, as a response that is specific to the individual and can be very difficult to compare among individuals (Sneddon and Gentle 2000).…”

Section: Relationships Between Chute Navigation Time and Pen Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 97%

An investigation of a novel behavioural test to assess pain in piglets following castration

et al. 2016

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A novel behavioural test using a handling chute was evaluated over two trials as an objective method to assess pain in piglets following castration. Piglet (n = 98) navigation time (NT) through a handling chute was measured at specific time points up to 24 h post treatment. In trial 1, comparing the NT of castrates (C) and sham castrates (SC), C piglets had a longer NT than SC at 0 and 15 min post treatment (P < 0.05), with no differences thereafter. In trial 2, the effect of an analgesic to control postoperative pain on NT was examined, with castrated piglets given a half (CH) or full (CF) dose of meloxicam 1 h prior to treatment, compared with piglets castrated and given saline (CS) or sham castrated and given saline (SS). Post treatment, CS piglets had a longer NT than SS at 0 min (P < 0.005), and at 15 min, piglets CS had a longer NT than all groups (P < 0.001). No significant associations were found between piglet behaviour in the home pen and NT during the 60 min following treatment. These data demonstrate potential for the use of a handling chute to measure NT as a quick, standardized, method to assess piglet pain in response to castration.Key words: piglet, castration, pain, behaviour, analgesia, welfare.Résumé : Un test novateur de comportement utilisant un couloir de forçage a été évalué au moyen de deux expériences comme moyen objectif d'évaluer la douleur chez les porcelets suivant la castration. Le temps de navigation (NT -« navigation time ») des porcelets (n = 98) dans un couloir de forçage a été mesuré à des moments précis jusqu'à 24 h après le traitement. Dans la première expérience, celle de comparaison des NT des castrats (C) et des porcelets a castration simulée (SC -« sham castrates »), les porcelets C avaient de plus longues périodes de NT que les porcelets SC à 0 et 15 min après traitement (P < 0,05), mais aucune différence après cette période. Dans la deuxième expérience, l'effet d'utilisation d'un analgésique pour contrôler la douleur postopératoire sur les NT a été étudié. Les porcelets ont reçu une demi-dose (CH -« castrated, half dose ») ou une dose pleine (CF -« castrated, full dose ») de méloxicam 1 h avant le traitement par apport aux porcelets castrés qui ont reçu une saline (CS -« castrated, saline ») ou à castration simulée qui ont reçu une saline (SS -« sham castrate, saline »). Après le traitement, les porcelets CS avaient un plus long NT que les porcelets SS à 0 min (P < 0,005), et à 15 min, les porcelets CS avaient un plus long NT que tous les autres groupes (P < 0,001). Aucune association significative n'a été trouvée entre le comportement des porcelets dans l'enclos de domicile et le NT pendant les 60 min suivant le traitement. Ces données démontrent le potentiel d'utiliser un couloir de forçage pour mesurer le temps de navigation comme méthode rapide et normalisée pour évaluer la douleur des porcelets en réponse à la castration. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Section: Relationships Between Chute Navigation Time and Pen Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 97%

An investigation of a novel behavioural test to assess pain in piglets following castration

et al. 2016

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“…Pain is a complex and individual sensation, which means that it is difficult to measure and compare among animals (Sneddon and Gentle, 2000) and handling could also interfere with the behavioural and physiological responses of young pigs (Prunier et al, 2005). During the last years, methods to reduce pain with anaesthesia and/or analgesia were investigated (Sutherland et al, 2010;Hansson et al, 2011;Kluivers-Poodt et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can novel methods be useful for pain assessment of castrated piglets?

Lonardi

Scollo

Normando

et al. 2015

Animal

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Given that surgical castration is a painful practice performed on millions of pigs every year, a need to identify novel reliable pain assessment tools exists in order to test anaesthetic and analgesic protocols that may reduce related pain. Two treatments were considered: handling (H) and surgical castration (C). Physiological (cortisol, lactate, glycaemia, rectal and eye temperature) and behavioural variables (latency to move after treatment and alterations in posture and walking) were analysed. Cortisol showed the greatest level in C piglets within 20 min after the surgical procedure and a positive correlation with glucose concentration. Eye temperature was higher in C piglets, and the same difference was detected for rectal temperature 3 h after castration. Behavioural parameters revealed that C piglets had longer latency to move and a higher percentage of them showed alterations in posture and walking. Results of this study showed that, in castrated piglets behavioural and physiological alterations occur mainly in the first 3 h from treatment. Latency to move, alterations in posture and walking, and eye temperature appear to give additional and useful information in piglet pain assessment. However, differently from the behavioural parameters considered, eye temperature involves several manipulations of the animals and a long process to acquire the data.

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“…Despite the differences in the experimental procedures between the work of Steenbergen and Bardine (2014) and the present study [Steenbergen and Bardine (2014) did not report any settling period prior to treatment with acid and the exposure time to the acid was much lower at 3 min versus 10 min in the present study], their results agree with those of our experiment, which confirms that very low concentrations of acetic acid evoke an increase in the locomotor activity of the fish. This may reflect an escape response from a potentially harmful, noxious stimulus and represents a nociceptive reflex (Sneddon, 2015;Sneddon et al, 2014). The minimum concentration required to elicit a significant change in the locomotor activity of the zebrafish has not been determined yet, as different factors could play a role in the threshold that the nociceptors need to respond to the acid via immersion and different concentrations could have different effects.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Impact Of Noxious Chemicals On Larval Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Appropriate analgesia should be applied to minimize the impact on animals undergoing experimental procedures that cause tissue damage (Sneddon, 2015). In addition, behavioural alterations elicited by any noxious stimulation should be reduced by the use of analgesics or painkillers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in activity by noxious chemical stimulation is ameliorated by immersion in analgesic drugs in zebrafish

López-Luna

Al-Jubouri

Al-Nuaimy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

Self Cite

105

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Research has recently demonstrated that larval zebrafish show similar molecular responses to nociception to those of adults. Our study explored whether unprotected larval zebrafish exhibited altered behaviour after exposure to noxious chemicals and screened a range of analgesic drugs to determine their efficacy to reduce these responses. This approach aimed to validate larval zebrafish as a reliable replacement for adults as well as providing a high-throughput means of analysing behavioural responses. Zebrafish at 5 days postfertilization were exposed to known noxious stimuli: acetic acid (0.01%, 0.1% and 0.25%) and citric acid (0.1%, 1% and 5%). The behavioural response of each was recorded and analysed using novel tracking software that measures time spent active in 25 larvae at one time. Subsequently, the efficacy of aspirin, lidocaine, morphine and flunixin as analgesics after exposure to 0.1% acetic acid was tested. Larvae exposed to 0.1% and 0.25% acetic acid spent less time active, whereas those exposed to 0.01% acetic acid and 0.1-5% citric acid showed an increase in swimming activity. Administration of 2.5 mg l −1 aspirin, 5 mg l −1 lidocaine and 48 mg l −1 morphine prevented the behavioural changes induced by acetic acid. These results suggest that larvae respond to a noxious challenge in a similar way to adult zebrafish and other vertebrates and that the effect of nociception on activity can be ameliorated by using analgesics. Therefore, adopting larval zebrafish could represent a direct replacement of a protected adult fish with a non-protected form in pain-and nociception-related research.

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Pain in aquatic animals

Cited by 175 publications

References 89 publications

An investigation of a novel behavioural test to assess pain in piglets following castration

An investigation of a novel behavioural test to assess pain in piglets following castration

Can novel methods be useful for pain assessment of castrated piglets?

Reduction in activity by noxious chemical stimulation is ameliorated by immersion in analgesic drugs in zebrafish

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