Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog

Murrell, Joanna C; Hellebrekers, L.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x

Cited by 328 publications

(282 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In the present study no significant differences in arterial blood pressure within and between groups were observed. This is unexpected as Murrell and Hellebrekers (2005) reported an initial increase in systemic blood pressure after alpha-adrenoceptor agonist administration. The stable blood pressure measurements in the present study may be due to the lower dose of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine administered, which would explain why there was no significant variation in IOP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

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Influence of dexmedetomidine-propofol-isoflurane and medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs

Raušer¹,

Mrázová²,

Zapletalová³

2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:The present prospective, randomised, double-blinded clinical study was designed to investigate the commonly used anaesthetic combinations of dexmedetomidine-propofol-isoflurane and medetomidine-propofolisoflurane on intraocular pressure and pupil size in dogs. Forty client-owned healthy dogs with no ocular abnormalities, average body weight of 25.7 ± 13.1 kg (mean ± SD) and aged 3.7 ± 2.7 years, were enrolled. Twenty four males and 16 females were included. Dogs were allocated randomly to receive dexmedetomidine i.v. at 0.005 mg/ kg, dexmedetomidine at 0.01 mg/kg, medetomidine at 0.01 mg/kg or medetomidine at 0.02 mg/kg. Ten minutes later anaesthesia was induced in all dogs with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen-air. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, heart rate, respiratory frequency and arterial blood pressures (SAP, DAP) were measured prior to (baseline) and at 10 (before propofol), 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after dexmedetomidine or medetomidine administration. Oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO 2 ) and end-tidal CO 2 concentration (EtCO 2 ) was monitored following anaesthesia induction. Data were analysed using Anderson-Darling and Bartlett's tests for data distribution and homogeneity of variance confirmation and ANOVA followed by Dunnett's tests for multiple comparisons. Changes were considered significant when P < 0.05. Following drug administration, pupil size, heart rate and respiratory frequency decreased significantly within groups, but did not differ between groups. No significant changes in intraocular pressure, SAP and DAP within and between groups, and SpO 2 or EtCO 2 between groups, were observed. Comparable doses of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine combined with propofol and isoflurane induced reductions in pupil size, respiratory frequency and heart rate, however, without a significant influence on intraocular pressure or arterial blood pressure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 45%

“…Medetomidine is a mixture of two enantiomers -dexmedetomidine and the pharmacologically inactive levomedetomidine. The haemodynamic and respiratory effects of comparable doses of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine are very similar (Murrell and Hellebrekers 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 53%

Influence of dexmedetomidine-propofol-isoflurane and medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs

Raušer¹,

Mrázová²,

Zapletalová³

2016

Vet. Med. - Czech

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“…The most common effect of highly selective α 2 -agonists, such as dexmedetomidine, is baroreceptor-induced hypertension and subsequent normotension or mild hypotension (Murrell and Hellebrekers 2005). In raccoon dogs anaesthetised with the DMBA combination, the pulse rate and blood pressure were changed after drug administration.…”

Section: Murthy and Singh 2009)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine combination on plasma oxidative status and cardiorespiratory parameters in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Feng¹,

Hu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med. - Czech

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ABSTRACT:Oxidative stress in the body occurs when the production of free radicals overwhelms the antioxidant defence systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a combination of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine (DMBA) as an anaesthetic on plasma oxidative status in twelve raccoon dogs. Baseline measures were recorded prior to anaesthesia, and then the animals were anaesthetised with the combination of dexmedetomidine (25 µg/kg), midazolam (0.45 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg), and atropine (0.035 mg/kg). Temperature, respiratory rate, haemoglobin saturation by oxygen, pulse rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and mean arterial pressure were continually monitored. Blood pressure was significantly decreased at 30 to 60 min (P < 0.05). Pulse rate ranged from 96 to 123 bpm, without episodes of severe bradycardia or tachycardia. Blood samples were collected from saphenous venipuncture at 0, 0.5, 1, and 24 h before, during, and after anaesthesia. Plasma superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activity, and malondialdehyde concentrations were measured by colorimetry, and plasma vitamin E level was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.5 h, and then gradually decreased to baseline values after 1 h. Catalase activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.5 h, 1 h, and then gradually decreased to baseline values after 24 h. There was no significant change in vitamin E level (P < 0.05).The concentration of malondialdehyde decreased significantly at 0.5, 1, and 24 h after injection (P < 0.05). The results show that the administered dose of dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine has antioxidant effects in raccoon dogs. Our study is the first to demonstrate that dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine exert antioxidant effects, which may be exploited to alleviate the stress of examination and research at veterinary clinics.

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“…Concerns regarding alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists mainly reflect their cardiovascular (CV) effects (England and Clarke, 1996;Murrell and Hellebrekers, 2005;Tan and Ho, 2010), and many studies have been designed to examine the CV effects of alpha 2 -adrenergic agonist CRIs in horses (Bettschart-Wolfensberger et al, 1999;Ringer et al, 2013a). However, the use of alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists is also associated with other side effects that might be less obvious, but may have important consequences, especially in critically ill patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood glucose, acid–base and electrolyte changes during loading doses of alpha2-adrenergic agonists followed by constant rate infusions in horses

Ringer¹,

Schwarzwald²,

Portier³

et al. 2013

The Veterinary Journal

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The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in blood glucose concentration ([Glu]B), acid-base status and electrolyte concentrations during constant rate infusions (CRI) of two alpha2-adrenergic agonists in seven horses treated in a blinded, randomised, crossover design with xylazine or romifidine. An intravenous (IV) bolus of xylazine (1mg/kg) or romifidine (80g/kg) was administered followed by an IV CRI of xylazine (0.69mg/kg/h) or romifidine (30g/kg/h) for 2h. Blood samples were collected from the pulmonary artery before and after loading doses, during the CRI, and for 1h after discontinuing drugs. Blood glucose, base excess (BE), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pv¯CO2), strong ion difference (SIDest) and bicarbonate concentration ( [Formula: see text] ) increased significantly during the CRI with both alpha2-adrenergic agonists. Chloride concentration ([Cl-]B) and anion-gap (AG) decreased significantly compared to baseline. The decrease in sodium concentration ([Na+]B) was only significant with xylazine. From 1h after starting the CRI onwards, [Glu]B was significantly higher with romifidine compared to xylazine. Except [Glu]B, SIDest, and Pv¯CO2, all variables returned to normal values 1h after discontinuing xylazine. After stopping romifidine, all variables except pH remained altered for at least 1h. It was concluded that loading doses of alpha2-adrenergic agonists followed by CRIs produce [Glu]B, acid-base and electrolyte changes. The clinical significance of the reported changes remains to be investigated and absolute values should be interpreted with caution, as fluid boli were used for cardiac output measurements, but may become important during prolonged infusion and in critically ill patients. a b s t r a c tThe aim of the present study was to investigate changes in blood glucose concentration ([Glu] B ), acidbase status and electrolyte concentrations during constant rate infusions (CRI) of two alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists in seven horses treated in a blinded, randomised, crossover design with xylazine or romifidine.An intravenous (IV) bolus of xylazine (1 mg/kg) or romifidine (80 lg/kg) was administered followed by an IV CRI of xylazine (0.69 mg/kg/h) or romifidine (30 lg/kg/h) for 2 h. Blood samples were collected from the pulmonary artery before and after loading doses, during the CRI, and for 1 h after discontinuing drugs. Blood glucose, base excess (BE), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P vCO 2 ), strong ion difference (SID est ) and bicarbonate concentration (½HCO It was concluded that loading doses of alpha 2 -adrenergic agonists followed by CRIs produce [Glu] B , acid-base and electrolyte changes. The clinical significance of the reported changes remains to be investigated and absolute values should be interpreted with caution, as fluid boli were used for cardiac output measurements, but may become important during prolonged infusion and in critically ill patients.

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Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: a review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog

Cited by 328 publications

References 76 publications

Influence of dexmedetomidine-propofol-isoflurane and medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs

Influence of dexmedetomidine-propofol-isoflurane and medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs

Effects of the dexmedetomidine, midazolam, butorphanol, and atropine combination on plasma oxidative status and cardiorespiratory parameters in raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides)

Blood glucose, acid–base and electrolyte changes during loading doses of alpha2-adrenergic agonists followed by constant rate infusions in horses

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