Medetomidine continuous rate intravenous infusion in horses in which surgical anaesthesia is maintained with isoflurane and intravenous infusions of lidocaine and ketamine

Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists

“…The combination of an intraoperative CRI of medetomidine and lidocaine did not affect the cardiovascular function of isoflurane anaesthetized horses (CO measured by the lithium dilution technique) but improved the quality of the recovery when compared with lidocaine alone (Valverde et al 2010b). In a recent study, the addition of a CRI of medetomidine to horses also receiving CRIs of lidocaine and ketamine reduced the isoflurane requirement of FE′ISO from 1 to 0.65% (Kempchen et al 2012).…”

“…In a recent study, the addition of a CRI of medetomidine to horses also receiving CRIs of lidocaine and ketamine reduced the isoflurane requirement of F e ′ISO from 1 to 0.65% (Kempchen et al. ).…”

In horses undergoing volatile anaesthesia, does intraoperative alpha-2-agonist infusion improve recovery?

“…There is little published evidence directly comparing recovery in horses undergoing volatile agent anaesthesia only and those receiving a CRI of alpha-2 agonists, without sedation in recovery for either or both groups. Papers have also been published comparing recovery after an alpha-2 agonist CRI where additional CRIs, such as ketamine or lidocaine, have also been used in both study groups (Kempchen et al, 2012;Sacks et al, 2017;and Valverde et al, 2010). In examining the evidence for the PICO question, the assessment of the influence of the CRIs on recovery quality will likely be complicated by the administration of further sedation in recovery.…”

Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 1: lidocaine and ketamine

“…In a recent ‘blinded' clinical trial, the mean Fe ′ISO in anaesthetized horses undergoing elective surgery when receiving lidocaine and ketamine infusions was 1% (0.62–1.2%) and was further reduced to 0.65% (0.4–1.0%) when a medetomidine CRI was added (Kempchen et al. ). Other multiple combinations of IV agents are reviewed in Part 2 (Gozalo‐Marcilla et al.…”