Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 1: lidocaine and ketamine

Equine anaesthesia-associated mortality: where are we now?

“…The current vogue for ‘partial/supplemental IV anaesthesia’, which is intended to provide balanced anaesthesia and analgesia with better preservation of cardiopulmonary function and a less marked stress response, by using injectable agents to reduce the required dose of inhalation agents, also reflects efforts to improve the quality of recovery (Auckburally & Flaherty ; Gozalo‐Marcilla et al. , ). It remains to be seen, however, whether this approach will reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with equine anaesthesia and surgery.…”

Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists

“…The Part 1 of this review (Gozalo‐Marcilla et al. ) introduced the concept and rationale for the continuous infusion of intravenous (IV) agents to supplement analgesia and anaesthesia in horses anaesthetized with inhalation agents, and reviewed the use of lidocaine and ketamine for these purposes. In the Part 2 of this review, the literature relating to the infusion of opioids and α 2 ‐adrenoceptor agonists to horses anaesthetized with inhalation agents is reviewed.…”

Is there a place for dexmedetomidine in equine anaesthesia and analgesia? A systematic review (2005–2017)

“…When used during general anaesthesia as a CRI, as part of PIVA protocols, dexmedetomidine fulfils the principles of equine “balanced anaesthesia,” which include mainly three requirements: (i) an adequate intraoperative cardiopulmonary function, (ii) reduction in the inhalant agent requirements and (iii) smooth and coordinated recoveries (Bettschart‐Wolfensberger & Larenza, ; Gozalo‐Marcilla, Gasthuys, & Schauvliege, , ).…”