Mediation of gaseous emissions and improving plant productivity by DCD and DMPP nitrification inhibitors: Meta-analysis of last three decades

Abstract

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs), especially dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), have been extensively investigated to mitigate nitrogen (N) losses from the soil and thus improve crop productivity by enhancing N use efficiency. However, to provide crop and soil-specific guidelines about using these NIs, a quantitative assessment of their efficacy in mitigating gaseous emissions, worth for nitrate leaching, and improving crop productivity under different crops and soils is yet required. Therefore, based upon 146 peer-reviewed research studies, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the effect of DCD and DMPP on gaseous emissions, nitrate leaching, soil inorganic N, and crop productivity under different variates. The efficacy of the NIs in reducing the emissions of CO2, CH4, NO, and N2O highly depends on the crop, soil, and experiment types. The comparative efficacy of DCD in reducing N2O emission was higher than the DMPP under maize, grasses, and fallow soils in both organic and chemical fertilizer amended soils. The use of DCD was linked to increased NH3 emission in vegetables, rice, and grasses. Depending upon the crop, soil, and fertilizer type, both the NIs decreased nitrate leaching from soils; however, DMPP was more effective. Nevertheless, the effect of DCD on crop productivity indicators, including N uptake, N use efficiency, and biomass/yield was higher than DMPP due to certain factors. Moreover, among soils, crops, and fertilizer types, the response by plant productivity indicators to the application of NIs ranged between 35 and 43%. Overall, the finding of this meta-analysis strongly suggests the use of DCD and DMPP while considering the crop, fertilizer, and soil types. Graphical Abstract

4-Methyl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (MPT): A Novel, Highly Efficient Nitrification Inhibitor for Agricultural Applications

“…Loss of NH 4 + occurred rapidly both without NI and with DMP, with negligible levels of NH 4 + remaining after 21 days of incubation (Figure a) and quantitative conversion to NO 3 – (Figure b). This result is consistent with the reported poor inhibitory performance of DMP in acidic soils. ,, Also, while MPT at the lowest application rate noticeably delayed NH 4 + loss within the first 15 days, it was not sufficiently effective to retain NH 4 + in the soil beyond 21 days.…”

“…This result is consistent with the reported poor inhibitory performance of DMP in acidic soils. 39,40,60 Also, while MPT at the lowest application rate noticeably delayed NH 4…”

“…It has shown bactericidal properties, considerable acute and chronic aquatic toxicity, and is currently banned in some countries . Thus, in light of the inconsistent performance of the commercial NIs, ,,− particularly in acidic soils, − it is remarkable that since the discovery of DMPP more than 20 years ago, no new inhibitor compounds have been developed and brought to market that offer improved efficiency and effectiveness in slowing down the nitrification process. A better control of N availability for crops, increased crop yield, and improved quality is essential for meeting the growing global demand for food while minimizing the environmental impact of N fertilization in agriculture.…”

Research Hotspots and Trends of Nitrification Inhibitors: A Bibliometric Review from 2004–2023

“…− leaching [92]. Beyond its impact on food crops, DMPP also holds significant value for the cultivation of vegetables and fruit trees [93][94][95].…”

Fabrication of metal–organic salts with heterogeneous conformations of a ligand as dual-functional urease and nitrification inhibitors

“…In recent years, the main UIs and NIs produced on an industrial scale include n-butylphosphoyltriamine (NBPT), trichloromethyl pyridine, DMPP and DCD. [19][20][21][22] Shi's group combined a UI (NBPT) with NIs (DMPP and DCD) to produce the inhibitor NAM with dual efficacy. 23 The effects of the inhibitor NAM on enzyme activity, microbial biomass and vegetable growth in salty soil were studied through a cabbage pot experiment.…”