Medical Devices for Measuring Respiratory Rate in Children: a Review

Daw, William; Kingshott, Ruth; Saatchi, Reza; Burke, Derek; Holloway, Alan; Travis, J.R.; Evans, Robert D.; Jones, Anthony; Hughes, Ben Richard; Elphick, Heather

doi:10.15379/2409-3394.2016.03.01.04

Cited by 27 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Although respiratory monitoring using chest wall impedance is routinely performed in the NICU, this signal fails to detect apnea during gross movement or airway obstruction, and apneas are often unaccompanied by bradycardia. For future work, other methods to detect apnea events [42] might be considered, including ECG-derived respiration [43, 44]. More analysis is needed to determine whether inclusion of other physiological signals would improve predictive utility, even though respiration improves point process estimation of heart rate [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Bradycardia in Preterm Infants Using Point Process Analysis of Heart Rate

Gee

Barbieri²,

Paydarfar

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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Objective Episodes of bradycardia are common and recur sporadically in preterm infants, posing a threat to the developing brain and other vital organs. We hypothesize that bradycardias are a result of transient temporal destabilization of the cardiac autonomic control system and that fluctuations in the heart rate signal might contain information that precedes bradycardia. We investigate infant heart rate fluctuations with a novel application of point process theory. Methods In 10 preterm infants, we estimate instantaneous linear measures of the heart rate signal in neonates, use these measures to extract statistical features of bradycardia, and propose a simplistic framework for prediction of bradycardia. Results We present the performance of a prediction algorithm using instantaneous linear measures (mean AUC = 0.79±0.018) for over 440 bradycardia events. The algorithm achieves an average forecast time of 116 seconds prior to bradycardia onset (FPR = 0.15). Our analysis reveals that increased variance in the heart rate signal is a precursor of severe bradycardia. This increase in variance is associated with an increase in power from low content dynamics in the LF band (0.04–0.2 Hz) and lower multiscale entropy values prior to bradycardia. Conclusion Point process analysis of the heartbeat time series reveals instantaneous measures that can be used to predict infant bradycardia prior to onset. Significance Our findings are relevant to risk stratification, predictive monitoring, and implementation of preventative strategies for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with bradycardia in neonatal intensive care units.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Bradycardia in Preterm Infants Using Point Process Analysis of Heart Rate

Gee

Barbieri²,

Paydarfar

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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“…Therefore, this method is not suitable for younger children or acute conditions. Contact method devices make direct contact with the patient's body, measuring the chest and abdominal movements and oxygen saturation and calculating the respiratory rate from an ECG [25].…”

Section: Measurement Devices For the Respiratory Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These devices include infrared thermography, video data, radar systems, and mobile applications. Infrared thermography is used to monitor the fluctuations in the facial skin temperature during exhalation, which increase the temperature of the tip of the nose [25]. The video data method records the chest movements of the patient, whereas the radar system detects chest movements during respiration with an electromagnetic wave.…”

Section: Measurement Devices For the Respiratory Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The advantages of the radar system are that it does not need an electrode or belt that contacts the patient's body, it can be used over a long distance, and wireless transfer of the respiratory rate data to a central unit is possible. The latest portable device for determining the respiratory rate is via a mobile application using a built-in camera on a mobile device; however, this device has not been clinically tested and validated [25].…”

Section: Measurement Devices For the Respiratory Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

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Respiratory Rate as a Physiological Response to Dental Anxiety

Susilo¹,

Fauziah²

2018

Proceedings of the 11th International Dentistry Scientific Meeting (IDSM 2017)

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Dental treatment is often associated with pain, fear, and anxiety. Unfortunately, children with dental anxiety tend to resist dental treatment and behave uncooperatively during dental procedures. Dental treatment is known to be stressful and is often associated with a physiological response; therefore, dental anxiety can lead to physiological changes in the body, including increases in the respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. The psychophysiological response due to dental anxiety is related to an increase in autonomic nervous system activity. Anxiety is a basic emotion resulting from individual's defense mechanisms; therefore, the respiratory changes in an anxiety response are controlled by the brain center that is related to emotion. Respiration is regulated mainly in the brainstem, but complex interactions between the brainstem, limbic system, and cortical structure of the brain affect the final output of respiration. The amygdala, part of the limbic system, is responsible for processing negative emotions; therefore, measuring physiological responses, such as the respiratory rate, plays an important role in behavioral assessment. This paper presents the respiratory rate as one of the physiological responses to dental anxiety.

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“…For the rapid assessment of children required in the emergency department, non-contact methods have been considered [30, 31]. Ultrasound [32, 33], radar [34], microwave [35, 36], video image processing [37], optical image processing [38], and thermal image processing [39, 40] are all approaches that have been used to facilitate non-contact respiration monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploratory Study to Evaluate Respiratory Rate Using a Thermal Imaging Camera

et al. 2019

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Background: Respiratory rate is a vital physiological measurement used in the immediate assessment of unwell children and adults. Convenient electronic devices exist for the measurement of pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and temperature. Although devices which measure respiratory rate exist, none have entered everyday clinical practice for acute assessment of children and adults. An accurate and practical device which has no physical contact with the patient is important to ensure readings are not affected by distress caused by the assessment method. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a thermal imaging method to monitor the respiratory rate in children and adults. Methods: Facial thermal images of adult volunteers and children undergoing elective polysomnography were included. Respiration was recorded for at least 2 min with the camera positioned 1 m from the subject’s face. Values obtained using the thermal imaging camera were compared with those obtained from contact methods such as the nasal thermistor, respiratory inductance plethysmography, nasal airflow, and end tidal CO₂. Results: A total of 61 subjects, including 41 adults (age range 27–46 years) and 20 children (age range 0.5–18 years) were enrolled. The correlation between the respiratory rate measured using thermal imaging and the contact method was r = 0.94. Sequential refinements to the thermal imaging algorithms resulted in the ability to perform real-time measurements and an improvement of the correlation to r = 0.995. Conclusion: This exploratory study shows that thermal imaging-derived respiratory rates in children and adults correlate closely with the best performing standard method. With further refinements, this method could be implemented in both acute and chronic care in children and adults.

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Medical Devices for Measuring Respiratory Rate in Children: a Review

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Predicting Bradycardia in Preterm Infants Using Point Process Analysis of Heart Rate

Predicting Bradycardia in Preterm Infants Using Point Process Analysis of Heart Rate

Respiratory Rate as a Physiological Response to Dental Anxiety

Exploratory Study to Evaluate Respiratory Rate Using a Thermal Imaging Camera

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