Medical management of glaucoma: focus on ophthalmologic drug delivery systems of timolol maleate

Sah, Ashok Kumar; Suresh, Preeti K.

doi:10.3109/21691401.2016.1160917

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Nonselective BBs reduce IOP by blocking β-adrenoceptor in the ciliary body and consequently decreasing AH production ( Nocentini and Supuran, 2019 ). Timolol maleate (Timoptol ® ) is the first nonselective BB for the topical treatment of glaucoma and OHT ( Sah and Suresh, 2017 ) and it reduces IOP by 27–35% ( Nocentini and Supuran, 2019 ). Carteolol hydrochloride (Mikelan ® ) protects against light-induced oxidative stress in retina ( Matsuo et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Topical Monotherapy Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Medication Therapy for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Wang

Cao²,

Jiang³

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness, thus seriously affecting people’s health and quality of life. The topical medical therapy is as the first line treatment in the management of glaucoma since it is inexpensive, convenient, effective, and safe. This review summarizes and compares extensive clinical trials on the topical medications for the treatment of glaucoma, including topical monotherapy agents, topical fixed-combination agents, topical non-fixed combination agents, and their composition, mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse effects, which will provide reference for optimal choice of clinical medication. Fixed-combination therapeutics offer greater efficacy, reliable security, clinical compliance, and tolerance than non-fixed combination agents and monotherapy agents, which will become a prefer option for the treatment of glaucoma. Meanwhile, we also discuss new trends in the field of new fixed combinations of medications, which may better control IOP and treat glaucoma.

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Section: Topical Monotherapy Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Medication Therapy for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Wang

Cao²,

Jiang³

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…The final step was the addition of Carbopol 943p at pH 4. A total number of nine trial batches were prepared for the optimization of process variables [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The process flowchart for nanoemulsion in situ gel is shown in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Polymers on Drug Release Kinetics in Nanoemulsion In Situ Gel Formulation

Rani

Rajan²,

Bhupathyraaj³

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Glaucoma is an ocular condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Conventional treatments of glaucoma face poor corneal permeability and bioavailability. To address these issues, a nanoemulsion in situ gel of Timolol maleate was developed in this study by adding the polymer Carbopol 934p. Using Carbopol 934p, a novel ophthalmic pH-induced nanoemulsion in situ gel was formulated. The formulation was liquid at pH 4 and quickly gelled when the pH was raised to 7.4 (Lacrimal pH). The pH-triggered in situ gelling mechanism demonstrated continuous drug release over a 24 h cycle. A total of nine trial formulations were prepared (NEI1–NEI9) and subjected to various physicochemical and in vitro evaluations. According to the in vitro release kinetics, the drug release of Timolol maleate nanoemulsion in situ gel NEI5 followed zero-order kinetics, with a release exponent value of 0.902, indicating that the mechanism of release was non-Fickian diffusion regulated. In vivo results showed that Timolol maleate nanoemulsion in situ gel NEI5 provided a better-sustained release of the drug, compared with the Timolet OD eye drops. The formulation is stable in storage, with no distinguishable change in appearance, physical properties, quality, and percentage drug release. NEI5 also reduces drug administration frequency, which improves patient compliance. Timolol maleate nanoemulsion in situ gel NEI5 achieved the goal of controlled drug delivery with extended-release and cost-effectiveness, lowering the dosage and frequency of drug administration, and thus may improve patient compliance. In conclusion, the stable nanoemulsion in situ gel of Timolol maleate NEI5 decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) over a prolonged period.

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“…Similarly, various mucoadhesive ointment bases have also been compared for the oromucosal delivery of benzyl nicotinate including orabase, carbopol 935P, and polymethyl methacrylate and miglyol. Among them, polymethyl methacrylate has demonstrated significantly better effect [43,44].…”

Section: Gels and Ointmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive systemic drug delivery through mucosal routes

Goyal

Singh

Chauhan

et al. 2018

Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology

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Science of drug delivery has achieved tremendous milestones in the last few decades. Emergence of novel drug delivery techniques and the most popular nanotechnology directed the drug delivery to another level. Without any doubt, present technology holds the proficiency to approach even the intercellular targets. Between all these success auras, there lies wads of giant challenges. One such challenge is delivering the molecule directly to the blood stream. Parenteral route is considered as the most effective route for delivering active pharmaceutical substances, but is associated with major disadvantages of painful drug delivery. Modern drug delivery suggests several approaches to outstrip this painful phenomenon. In the present article, we represent a new systematic vision to understand the ability and desirability of mucosal sites to achieve painless drug delivery. Human mucosa presents supreme proximity to the blood circulation that one can even observe with naked eye. Advances in drug delivery provide numerous approaches to exploit the mucosa for systemic reach. However, the revolutionary success is still unapproachable, with an understandable reason of associated complexities and challenges. This manuscript summarizes the significance of each mucosal site, on the basis of anatomical-physiological grounds. Particular attention is given to rationalize the selection of disease and a suitable drug delivery approach for its treatment.

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Medical management of glaucoma: focus on ophthalmologic drug delivery systems of timolol maleate

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

Topical Medication Therapy for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Topical Medication Therapy for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

The Effect of Polymers on Drug Release Kinetics in Nanoemulsion In Situ Gel Formulation

Non-invasive systemic drug delivery through mucosal routes

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