Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion

Maslen, Matthew W; Mitchell, Piers D.

doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.4.185

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Respiratory and cardiovascular failure were two of the most likely causes of death in crucified individuals. The first proposed cause of death, now widely accepted as the main cause, was asphyxiation (LeBec, 1925;Davis, 1965;Maslen and Mitchell, 2006). Over time, breathing required increased effort as muscles became exhausted.…”

Section: Causes Of Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinical anatomy of crucifixion

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Crucifixion was a widely used form of execution for capital crimes in antiquity. Civilizations and empires perfected the technique, leading to centuries of discussions, controversies, and questions, many of which concerned the death of Jesus Christ. To this day, much remains to be discovered in both religious and scientific realms. However, the aim of this study is to discuss such facts as are known from the medical perspectives of clinical anatomists. Nails/spikes were driven through the hands/wrists and feet of five adult cadavers, and the cadavers were then dissected to observe the anatomical structures that had been injured or placed at risk for injury. While many historical and archeological facts remain to be discovered, we hope that this cadaveric study will enhance our modern understanding of ancient practices from a medical and anatomical perspective. Clin. Anat. 32:12–21, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

show abstract

Section: Causes Of Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clinical anatomy of crucifixion

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Between the extremes of global fitness (Bergeron, 2011; Maslen and Mitchell, 2006; Edwards et al, 1986; Custance, 1980; Talley, 198?; Wierwille, 1980) and, as Hublin above said (Gibbons, 2011), of an unfitness barely human (Culotta, 1999; Mayell, 2003; Underdown, 2008)http://www.webcitation.org/63YujQxF9, most normal and natural humans will fall near the center of a Gaussian graphic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Most Used Codons per Amino Acid and per Genome in the Code of Man Compared to Other Organisms According to the Rotating Circular Genetic Code

Castro-Chavez

2011

Neuroquantology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

My previous theoretical research shows that the rotating circular genetic code is a viable tool to make easier to distinguish the rules of variation applied to the amino acid exchange; it presents a precise and positional bio-mathematical balance of codons, according to the amino acids they codify. Here, I demonstrate that when using the conventional or classic circular genetic code, a clearer pattern for the human codon usage per amino acid and per genome emerges. The most used human codons per amino acid were the ones ending with the three hydrogen bond nucleotides: C for 12 amino acids and G for the remaining 8, plus one codon for arginine ending in A that was used approximately with the same frequency than the one ending in G for this same amino acid. The most used codons in man fall almost all the time at the rightmost position, clockwise, ending either in C or in G within the circular genetic code. The human codon usage per genome is compared to other organisms such as fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), squid (Loligo pealei), and many others. The biosemiotic codon usage of each genomic population or 'Theme' is equated to a 'molecular language'. The C/U choice or difference, and the G/A difference in the third nucleotide of the most used codons per amino acid are illustrated by comparing the most used codons per genome in humans and squids. The human distribution in the third position of most used codons is a 12-8-2, C-G-A, nucleotide ending signature, while the squid distribution in the third position of most used codons was an odd, or uneven, distribution in the third position of its most used codons: 13-6-3, U-A-G, as its nucleotide ending signature. These findings may help to design computational tools to compare human genomes, to determine the exchangeability between compatible codons and amino acids, and for the early detection of incompatible changes leading to hereditary diseases.

show abstract

“…It is still worthwhile to carry out research on the anatomical and pathological characteristics present on the linen, in the quest to reach definitive conclusions about the proof of an evident crucifixion. The only archaeological crucifixion yet found corresponds to that of a Jewish man buried during the Roman period, in a tomb near Giv'at ha-Mivtar in Israel, which shows evidence of the nail in the ankle (Maslen and Mitchell 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Evidence of Crucifixion on the Shroud of Turin Through the Anatomical Traits of the Lower Limbs and Feet

Caja

Boi

2018

Archaeometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The imprint of the feet and lower limbs, as well as the blood and rivulets, present on the Shroud of Turin were analysed with regard to anatomical and pathological characteristics. In the dorsal image of the cloth, the crucifixion position shows the left foot on top of the right one; in the frontal view, the feet are almost parallel. The nail used in the crucifixion was driven through the foot. In the frontal image, the knees, the tibiae and the ankles seem to be parallel with different varus–valgus angles; the left one is straighter than the right one, which shows a greater angle. Because of this parallelism, both ankles show a plantar flexion that is dissimilar in the dorsal images. We describe for the first time the anatomical study of the image of the Shroud through modern concepts. At the level of biomechanics and anatomy, the image on the Shroud of Turin does not comply with modern knowledge; in fact, the image fails with regard to some aspects that we cannot interpret yet.

show abstract

Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

The clinical anatomy of crucifixion

The clinical anatomy of crucifixion

Most Used Codons per Amino Acid and per Genome in the Code of Man Compared to Other Organisms According to the Rotating Circular Genetic Code

The Evidence of Crucifixion on the Shroud of Turin Through the Anatomical Traits of the Lower Limbs and Feet

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About