Medication Use by Athletes at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games

Tsitsimpikou, Christina; Τσιόκανος, Αθανάσιος; Tsarouhas, Konstantinos; Schamasch, Patrick; Fitch, Kenneth D.; Valasiadis, Dimitrios; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z.

doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e31818f169e

Cited by 73 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Similar to other studies, the prevalence of inhaled β2agonist use was higher than ICS use in both study years (12,15,18,19). However, a significant increase was seen in the use of ICSs, and there was a trend toward increased regular use of them.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiessupporting

confidence: 86%

“…In response to the apparent increase in the use of inhaled β2-agonists by athletes from Los Angeles (1984) to Atlanta (1996) Olympic Games and further from Nagano (1998) to Sydney (2000) Olympic Games (19), WADA started to demand the evidence of asthma or EIB in athletes who used inhaled β2-agonists in 2001. The reason for this was health-related since significant unwanted effects of β2-agonists have been documented (20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Asthma Medication Is Increasingly Prescribed for Finnish Olympic Athletes—For a Reason?

et al. 2012

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Section: Comparison With Previous Studiessupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asthma Medication Is Increasingly Prescribed for Finnish Olympic Athletes—For a Reason?

et al. 2012

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“…Reported reasons for DS use in a survey of active-service personnel were to improve health (64%), provide more energy (31%), increase muscle strength (25%), and enhance performance (17%) (8). Among competitors at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, almost half (45%) of those selected for drug testing declared the use of food supplements (12), with vitamins (43%) and proteins/amino acids (14%) being the most widely used supplements. In military personnel, the most commonly used DSs were multivitamins or multiminerals (38%), protein and amino acids (19%), individual vitamins and minerals (18%), combination products (9%), and herbal supplements (8%) (8).A large-scale analysis of elite track and field athletes (a review of 3887 doping control forms undertaken during 12 International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships and 1 out-of-competition season) found 6523 declarations of use of nutritional supplements, giving an average rate of use of 1.7 supplements per athlete (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Assurance Issues in the Use of Dietary Supplements, with Special Reference to Protein Supplements

Maughan

2013

The Journal of Nutrition

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The use of dietary supplements is widespread in the general population, in athletes and recreational exercisers, and in military personnel. A wide array of supplements is available, but protein-containing products are consistently among the most popular, especially among those who engage in resistance training. There are significant risks associated with the use of unregulated dietary supplements. Risks include the absence of active ingredients, the presence of harmful substances (including microbiological agents and foreign objects), the presence of toxic agents, and the presence of potentially dangerous prescription-only pharmaceuticals. There is ample evidence of athletes who have failed doping tests because of the use of dietary supplements. There is also growing evidence of risks to health and of serious adverse events, including a small number of fatalities, as a result of supplement use. The risk associated with the use of protein powders produced by major manufacturers is probably low, and the risk can be further reduced by using only products that have been tested under one of the recognized supplement quality assurance programs that operate in various countries. Nevertheless, a small risk remains, and athletes, soldiers, and other consumers should conduct a cost-benefit analysis before using any dietary supplements.

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“…As such, NS use, along with behavioural intention and attitudes toward NS use and doping, may be important in highlighting those most at risk of developing a doping habit. To date, little attention has been paid to the social cognitive aspect of athletes' NS use in sport; even though studies document high usage rates across age, sports and attainment levels (Erdman 2006;Froiland et al 2004;Kujala et al 2003;Maughan et al 2007;Striegel et al 2006;Tsitsimpikou et al 2009a;Tsitsimpikou et al 2009b). Championships) also revealed high prevalence of NS use (Tscholl et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

Backhouse

Whitaker

Petróczi

2011

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

141

135

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Nutritional supplement (NS) use is widespread in sport. This study applied an integrated social cognitive approach to examine doping attitudes, beliefs and self-reported doping use behaviour across NS users (n=96) and non-users (n=116). Following ethical approval, 212 competitive athletes (age mean=21.4, s=4.5; 137 males) completed self-reported measures of doping-related social cognitions and behaviours, presented in an online format where completion implied consent. Significantly more NS users (22.9%) reported doping compared with non-users (6.0%; U= 4628.0, p< 0.05). NS users presented significantly more positive attitudes towards doping (U= 3152.0, p<0.05) and expressed a significantly greater belief that doping is effective (U= 3152.0, p<0.05). When presented with the scenario that performance enhancing substances are effective and increase the possibility of winning, NS users were significantly more in favour of competing in situations which allow doping (U= 3504.5, p<0.05). In sum, doping use is three and a half times more prevalent in NS users compared to non-users. This finding is accompanied by significant differences in doping attitudes, norms and beliefs. Thus, this paper offers support for the gateway hypothesis; athletes who engage in legal performance enhancement practices appear to embody an 'at risk' group for transition towards doping. Education should be appropriately targeted.

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Medication Use by Athletes at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games

Abstract: This review demonstrates that overuse of food supplements was slightly reduced compared to previous OGs and a more rational approach to the use of medication is being adopted.

Cited by 73 publications

References 30 publications

Asthma Medication Is Increasingly Prescribed for Finnish Olympic Athletes—For a Reason?

Asthma Medication Is Increasingly Prescribed for Finnish Olympic Athletes—For a Reason?

Quality Assurance Issues in the Use of Dietary Supplements, with Special Reference to Protein Supplements

Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms

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