Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Rees, Karen; Takeda, Andrea; Martin, Nicole; Ellis, Leila; Wijesekara, Dilini; Vepa, Abhinav; Das, Archik; Hartley, Louise; Stranges, Saverio

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009825.pub3

Cited by 238 publications

(248 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…On the one hand, critical summaries of observational studies together with RCTs yielded consistent results with respect to the health benefits of a MedDiet (Martinez‐Gonzalez, Gea, & Ruiz‐Canela, ). On the other hand, an updated Cochrane review found only a low to moderate certainty of evidence for interventions with the MedDiet in primary prevention of CVDs (Rees et al, ). Availability of RCTs in nutrition research is limited by small sample sizes, high dropout rates, and short follow‐up, while the opposite is needed to observe patient relevant outcomes (Satija, Yu, Willett, & Hu, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean diet and health status: Active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms

Schwingshackl

Morze

Hoffmann

2019

British J Pharmacology

229

131

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The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is one of the most widely described and evaluated dietary patterns in scientific literature. It is characterized by high intakes of vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, grains, fish, seafood, extra virgin olive oil, and a moderate intake of red wine. A large body of observational and experimental evidence suggests that higher adherence to the MedDiet is associated with lower risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and cancer. Current mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of the MedDiet include reduction of blood lipids, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, improvement of insulin sensitivity, enhancement of endothelial function, and antithrombotic function. Most likely, these effects are attributable to bioactive ingredients such as polyphenols, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, or fibre. This review will focus on both established and less established mechanisms of action of biochemical compounds contained in a MedDiet. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediterranean diet and health status: Active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms

Schwingshackl

Morze

Hoffmann

2019

British J Pharmacology

229

131

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“…Metabolic syndrome, obesity and type II diabetes mellitus all strongly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease [3]. Changes in body composition (i.e., greater fat mass, larger amounts of visceral adipose tissue, and less lean mass) [4], hypertension [5], impaired glucose metabolism (i.e., the development of insulin resistance) [6], altered lipid metabolism (i.e., raised plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) [7], low cardiorespiratory fitness [8], and an unhealthy lifestyle [9] all increase this risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise Training as a Treatment for Cardiometabolic Risk in Sedentary Adults: Are Physical Activity Guidelines the Best Way to Improve Cardiometabolic Health? The FIT-AGEING Randomized Controlled Trial

Amaro‐Gahete¹,

De-la-O

Martínez-Téllez

et al. 2019

JCM

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This 12-week randomized controlled trial investigates the effects of different training modalities on cardiometabolic risk in sedentary, middle-aged adults, and examines whether alterations in cardiometabolic risk are associated with changes in those health-related variables that are modifiable by exercise training. The study subjects were 71 middle-aged adults (~54 years old;~50% women) who were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) no exercise (control group), (2) concurrent training based on international physical activity recommendations (PAR group), (3) high intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT+EMS group). A cardiometabolic risk score was calculated based on the International Diabetes Federation's clinical criteria. A significant reduction in cardiometabolic risk was observed for all exercise training groups compared to the control group (all p < 0.05), which persisted after adjusting potential confounders (all p < 0.05). However, the HIIT+EMS group experienced the most significant reduction (p < 0.001). A significant inverse relationship was detected between the change in lean mass and the change in cardiometabolic risk (p = 0.045). A 12-week exercise training programs-especially the HIIT+EMS program-significantly reduced cardiometabolic risk in sedentary, middle-aged adults independent of sex, age, and cardiorespiratory fitness.

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“…Focus on healthful food items, namely, fruit and vegetables and, hence, fiber, vitamins, (poly)phenols, and healthy fats (from extra virgin olive oil, vegetable oils, nuts, fatty fish) and low sodium improves diets and lessens CVD risk (Visioli and Hagen 2007;Visioli and Poli 2019). One notable example is the Mediterranean diet, which is associated with a significant improvement in health status and a significant reduction in overall mortality, as well as in morbidity and mortality from CVD and other major chronic diseases (Rees et al 2019). Several systematic reviews of observational prospective studies have confirmed that greater adherence to such diet is associated with better health and greater longevity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: The Use of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods

Visioli¹,

Poli²

2019

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

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Nutritional interventions are effective and – in theory – easy to implement primary and secondary prevention strategies that reduce several risk factors of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Yet, because of (a) the severe impact of CVD in terms of mortality, morbidity, quality of life, and economy, (b) the proved role of LDL plasma concentrations as the most critical risk factor, and (c) the obstacles found both in terms of biological effects and compliance of the patient by an exclusively dietary intervention, food supplements or nutraceuticals are now valuable resources for physicians. As regards cholesterol control, several preparations are available in the market, and we will critically review them in this chapter.

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Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Abstract: Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Cited by 238 publications

References 146 publications

Mediterranean diet and health status: Active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms

Mediterranean diet and health status: Active ingredients and pharmacological mechanisms

Exercise Training as a Treatment for Cardiometabolic Risk in Sedentary Adults: Are Physical Activity Guidelines the Best Way to Improve Cardiometabolic Health? The FIT-AGEING Randomized Controlled Trial

Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: The Use of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods

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