Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

JOHAN, CHE AZARULZAMAN CHE; Zainathan, Sandra Catherine

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2020.2565-2577

Cited by 26 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The lack of species-specific information not only hampers scientific analysis but also poses a biosecurity risk, which the EU aims to address through its Animal Health Law (EU 2016). Australia recognizes the risks associated with the trade of ornamental fishes and has implemented strict import biosecurity measures to control diseases (Hood et al, 2019; Johan and Zainathan 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated review of the marine ornamental fish trade in the European Union

Biondo,

Burki,

Aguayo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Wild-caught fishes from coral reefs, one of the most threatened ecosystems on the planet, continue to supply the marine aquarium trade. Despite customs and veterinary checks during imports, comprehensive data on this global industry remains scarce. This study provides an updated review on one of its largest import markets, the European Union (EU): 24-million-euro annual trade value, detailed exporting and importing countries also diversity of species and families of the 26 million specimens imported between 2014 and 2021. We then show how a watchlist alert system based on the number of specimens traded, import trends, and vulnerability index according to FishBase and IUCN Red List conservation status can provide key information on which species should require a closer scrutiny. The stark decline in trade of the most traded species, Chromis viridis, may warrant monitoring through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). While the European TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES) electronically monitors the movement of live animals to respond quickly to biosecurity risks, one-third of marine ornamental fishes imported lack species-level information. With minor adjustments, TRACES could enhance the monitoring of wildlife trade, with marine ornamental fish being an interesting case study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated review of the marine ornamental fish trade in the European Union

Biondo,

Burki,

Aguayo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…About half the surveyed facilities work with multiple species, which represents an increased chance of pathogen transmission. For example, many viruses belonging to the Megalocytivirus genus have broad host specificity and can cross species boundaries [ 54 , 55 ]. Similar, many Mycobacterium species have multiple host species [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A FELASA Working Group Survey on Fish Species Used for Research, Methods of Euthanasia, Health Monitoring, and Biosecurity in Europe, North America, and Oceania

Mocho

Krogh²

2022

Biology

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An international survey was conducted regarding species used for research, methods of euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity in fish laboratories. A total of 145 facilities from 23 countries contributed. Collectively, over 80 different species (or groups of species) were reported to be used for research, of which zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the most common by far. About half of the participating laboratories used multiple species. Anesthetic overdose was the preferred method for euthanasia for adult, fry (capable of independent feeding), and larval (not capable of independent feeding) fish. For all developmental stages, the most popular anesthetic compound was tricaine (MS-222), a substance associated with distress and aversion in several species. Moreover, around half of the respondents did not perform a completion method to ensure death. One-quarter of the responding facilities did not have a health monitoring system in place. While most respondents had some form of quarantine process for imported fish, only a small fraction reported quarantine routines that ensure reliable biological barriers. Furthermore, less than one in five screened fish for pathogens while in quarantine. In sum, there was little consensus amongst facilities in how to perform biosecurity measures. Regarding euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity processes, there is a need for updated and universal guidelines and for many laboratories to adjust their practices.

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“…ISKNV is known to cause disease in at least 165 different fish species across 53 fish families with the number of susceptible species continuing to increase in recent years [7, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ISKNV has been detected across a wide range of countries ( 22) and continents (6) with a majority of the reports from Asia [8, [23][24][25][26]. In clinical cases of ISKNV infections, mortality can reach up to 100%, but most cases range from 20-60% mortality [6,11,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus

et al. 2023

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Megalocytiviruses (MCVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses known to infect important freshwater and marine fish species in the aquaculture, food, and ornamental fish industries worldwide. Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is the type species within the genus Megalocytivirus that causes red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) which is a reportable disease to the World Animal Health Organization (WOAH). To better control the transboundary spread of this virus and support WOAH reporting requirements, we developed and partially validated a TaqMan real-time qPCR assay (ISKNV104R) to detect all three genotypes of ISKNV, including the two genotypes that cause RSIVD. Parameters averaged across 48 experiments used a 10-fold dilution series of linearized plasmid DNA (107–101 copies), carrying a fragment of the three-spot gourami iridovirus (TSGIV) hypothetical protein revealed that the assay was linear over 7 orders of magnitude (107–101), a mean efficiency of 99.97 ± 2.92%, a mean correlation coefficient of 1.000 ± 0.001, and a limit of detection (analytical sensitivity) of ≤10 copies of TSGIV DNA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was evaluated and compared to other published assays using a panel of 397 samples from 21 source populations with different prevalence of ISKNV infection (0–100%). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the ISKNV104R qPCR assay was 91.99% (87.28–95.6; 95% CI) and 89.8% (83.53–94.84). The latent class analysis showed that the ISKNV104R qPCR assay had similar diagnostic sensitivities and specificities with overlapping confidence limits compared to a second TaqMan qPCR assay and a SYBR green assay. This newly developed TaqMan assay represents a partially validated qPCR assay for the detection of the three genotypes of the species ISKNV. The ISKNV104R qPCR assay once fully validated, will serve as an improved diagnostic tool that can be used for ISKNV surveillance efforts and diagnosis in subclinical fish to prevent further spread of MCVs throughout the aquaculture and ornamental fish industries.

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Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

Cited by 26 publications

References 89 publications

An updated review of the marine ornamental fish trade in the European Union

An updated review of the marine ornamental fish trade in the European Union

A FELASA Working Group Survey on Fish Species Used for Research, Methods of Euthanasia, Health Monitoring, and Biosecurity in Europe, North America, and Oceania

Partial validation of a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the three genotypes of Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus

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