Melamine migration measurement through spectrophotometry device and the effect of time and tableware type on it

Haghi, Ehsan; Shakoori, Attaollah; Alimohammadi, Mahmood; Razeghi, Fariba; Sadighara, Parisa

doi:10.2478/intox-2019-0020

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In addition to MEL, we found that its three derivatives could simultaneously migrate from MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware, with CYA being the major substance migrating from wheat straw-made tableware. Most previous studies only examined the migration of MEL from MEL-made tableware, without considering the possible co-migration of its derivatives [ 5 , 7 , 10 , 27 , 33 ]. At present, the European Union and China have established SMLs of MEL for food contact materials, but the limits were established solely based on the adverse effect of MEL migrating from tableware on human health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The World Health Organization (WHO) has announced that food consumption is the primary source of human exposure to MEL in daily life [ 3 ]. This includes foods themselves and the migration of MEL from MEL–formaldehyde resin-made tableware [ 4 , 5 ]. Based on the previous literature, the concentration of MEL migrating from MEL-made tableware was found to be higher than that presented in foods themselves [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration of Melamine and Its Derivatives from Melamine/Bamboo/Wheat Straw-Made Tableware Purchased from Internet Markets or Retail Shops in China

Liu,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Toxics

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Objectives: The ecofriendly and sustainable concept of bamboo- and wheat straw-made tableware has gained attention in recent years. However, it is necessary to note that these kinds of tableware are composed of melamine (MEL)–formaldehyde resin with the addition of bamboo fibers or wheat straw. This study aims to explore the potential migration of MEL and its derivatives from the tableware and conduct a risk assessment. Methods: The study involved 46 bowls or cups purchased from Internet markets or retail shops in China, whose raw materials included MEL, bamboo, and wheat straw. There were four pieces of glass- or ceramic-made tableware used as the control group. Migration testing was performed according to the test conditions selected from the European Union Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Materials. Considering the realistic worst-case scenario, we measured the concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in food simulants using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and estimated the exposure risks for adults and 1-year-old infants. Results: MEL and its derivatives could migrate from MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware with varying concentrations. The total migration was ranked as follows: bamboo-made tableware > MEL-made tableware > wheat straw-made tableware > glass- or ceramic-made tableware (p < 0.001). The primary contributor to the total concentration for MEL- and bamboo-made tableware was MEL, whereas cyanuric acid (CYA) was the main contributor for wheat straw-made tableware. Based on the total concentration of MEL and its derivatives and the strictest TDI value, the proportions of the calculated hazard quotient ≥1 for MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware in adults were 53.50%, 92.30%, and 1.90%; and the proportions in 1-year-old infants increased to 86.00%, 100.00%, and 7.40%. Conclusion: The utilization of MEL-, bamboo-, and wheat straw-made tableware could be regarded as a significant source of human exposure to MEL and its derivatives. It is advisable for both adults and infants to refrain from using tableware manufactured with MEL and bamboo fiber, as it may increase the susceptibility to MEL-related diseases.

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