Melasma: A comprehensive update

Non-toxic melanin production inhibitors from Garcinia livingstonei (Clusiaceae)

“…While no single therapy has been shown to be superior or to be of benefit to all patients, sometimes combination therapy is recommended to maximize the management of complex cases (Sheth & Pandya, 2011). The main goal of treatment is to decrease the hyperpigmentation with minimal side effects.…”

“…The main goal of treatment is to decrease the hyperpigmentation with minimal side effects. A range of topical agents are available to treat hyperpigmentation and act at different levels of the melanogenesis pathway (Kanthraj, 2010;Sheth & Pandya, 2011). The most common synthetic pharmacologic agents used are hydroquinone, corticosteroids, and mercurials (Olumide et al, 2008).…”

“…(Draelos, 2007;Sheth & Pandya, 2011). However, its use has been associated with various side effects, which include irritant contact dermatitis and exogenous ochronosis (Findlay & de Beer, 1980;Hardwick et al, 1989;Olumide et al, 2008).…”

Down-regulation of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and MITF expressions by citrus press-cakes in murine B16 F10 melanoma

“…For example, hydroquinone is a commonly used skin-whitening agent for treating and preventing hyperpigmentation disorders in cosmetic industry, however it has been associated with a lot of side effects, including skin irritation, contact dermatitis, and exogenous ochronosis in dark-skinned people [16] . Therefore, the use of cosmetics containing hydroquinone is prohibited in the European Union and is strictly controlled in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration [16,17] . For that reason, we firstly performed the cell viability of CCE for estimating the in vitro safety, including murine B16F10 melanoma cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells in this study.…”

Melanocytes and Oxidative Stress

“…Unfortunately there is a lack of reliable reports about the prevalence of melasma, as most studies are conducted in dermatology clinics which may indicate some ascertainment bias [39]. A randomized study in a Hispanic female population in Texas reported a prevalence of 8,8% [40] while in Southwest Asia the prevalence has been reported as high as 40% in females and 20% in males [41].…”