Chordoma is a rarely malignant bone tumor with highly resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Melatonin has been shown to inhibit tumor cell invasion, metastasis and induce apoptosis in several types of cancer. Activation of melatonin receptor inhibit cancer stemness of chordoma, which suggesting that melatonin receptor agonists have potential therapeutic value for the clinical treatment of chordoma. The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer action and molecular mechanism of Piromelatine (Neu-P11) in chordoma cells, a high-efficacy agonist of melatonin receptor-1/melatonin receptor-2 (MT1/MT2). We used Neu-p11 (1, 10, 100, 1000 μM) or vehicle to treat chordoma cell lines U-CH1 and MUG-Chor for 36 hours. CCK-8 assay and LDH activity assay showed that Neu-p11 had dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on chordoma cells. Neu-p11 induced NLRP3 and Cleaved-Caspase-1 expression, while Caspase-1 specific inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK and NLRP3 specific inhibitor MCC950 independently blocked the cytotoxic effect of Neu-p11 on chordoma cells, indicating that Neu-p11 induced a NLRP3-dependent cell pyroptosis. Neu-p11 promoted NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) translocation to mitochondria, resulting in a significant increase in mitochondria-derived ROS and decreased expressions of mitochondrial antioxidant proteins (MnSOD, Sirt3) and mitochondrial DNA replication factor (Tfam), which could be attenuated by NOX4 specific inhibitor GKT137831. Further investigation revealed that Neu-p11 resulted in decreased copy number of mtDNA and increased mtDNA releasing in cytoplasm. Decreased oxygen consumption, reduced membrane potential and ultrastructural damage of mitochondrial were detected in Neu-p11 treated chordoma cells, which could be attenuated by GKT137831. GKT137831 inhibited mitochondria-translocation of NLRP3 and attenuated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome caused by Neu-p11 treatment. Collectively, we demonstrated that Neu-p11 induces mitochondrial translocation of NOX4 leads to oxidative damage of mitochondria, mediating chordoma cells NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis. Neu-p11 may be a a new strategy for chordoma treatment.
Graphic abstractAbbreviations Neu-p11, Piromelatine; NOX4, NADPH oxidase 4; NLRP3, NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3; MnSOD, Manganese superoxide dismutase; Sirt3, NADdependent deacetylase sirtuin-3; Tfam, mitochondrial transcription factor A; mtROS, mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species; mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm); mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA.