“…However, the latter property is inadequately low in the YBCO samples due to the serious weak links and the granularity. Therefore, for years several methods including chemical doping, substitution, transition metal evaporation and changing preparation condition have been developed to produce the effective pinning centers such as planar defects, stacking faults and micro-defects [13][14][15][16][17]. The evaporation method, among the others, is one of the most preferred techniques owing to the reproducible process of the samples accomplished quite easily compared to the other methods [18][19][20] and the controlled doping at relatively low concentrations (10 16 -10 21 cm À3 ).…”