Melting of steel scrap in hot metal

Krupennikov, S. A.; Filimonov, Yu. P.

doi:10.3103/s0967091207030102

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Krupennikov and Filimonov describe in ref. the direct solution of steel in iron carbon melts in two successive stages: the transition of iron atoms through the phase boundary (kinetic stage) and their subsequent diffusion through the boundary layer into the melt (diffusion stage). Their theoretical consideration produces the result, that the carbon concentration on the surface of the solid has to be equal to

C_{s}^{*}

at the solidus temperature.…”

Section: Theoretical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, they mention that the formation of liquid phase in the decomposition of supersaturated solid solution is due to a breakdown of the solid's crystalline structure, which results in a reduction of activation energy characterizing the kinetic stage. However, no significant kinetic factors retarding the melting process have been observed as yet …”

Section: Theoretical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Steel Scrap Melting in Molten Iron‐Carbon Melts

Penz¹,

Schenk

2019

steel research int.

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In the current economic climate, the recycling of steel scrap is become one of the most interesting tasks for the optimization of integrated steel plants. Steelmaking aspects such as jet/bath interaction, slag formation or foaming, lime dissolution as well as slag/metal reactions have received more attention in recent years than the melting and dissolution phenomena of steel scrap in molten steel baths. Since the dynamic modeling of steelmaking processesespecially the Linz Donawitz oxygen steelmaking process (LD) -is becoming more important, interest in the melting and dissolution behaviour is increasing. Several researchers have investigated the complex transactions of coupled heat and mass transfer in the past. Small-scale experiments are carried out under conditions where only mass transfer or heat transfer were considered. A few authors have reported on pilot-scale investigations or commercial converters. The coupled heat and mass transfer has also been analyzed by several authors in mathematical models and numerical simulations. The present paper reviews the research on steel scrap melting and dissolution done in the last 50 years. A summary of all reported heat and mass transfer coefficients will be given and the differences between natural and forced convection will be explained. In addition, an overview of recently published numerical simulation describing the problem will give an outlook for future work.

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C_{s}^{*}

at the solidus temperature.…”

Section: Theoretical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Steel Scrap Melting in Molten Iron‐Carbon Melts

Penz¹,

Schenk

2019

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The square blue points in Figure 2 show the specific isothermal carbon concentrations of the scrap (Cscrap) and an assumed liquid hot metal composition false(CHMfalse) as well as the solidus (Cs*) and liquidus (Cl*false) concentrations at 1300 °C. In [9], Krupennikov and Filimonov expressed the direct solution of steel in iron carbon melts in two successive stages: the transition of iron atoms through the phase boundary (kinetic stage) and the subsequent diffusion through the boundary layer into the melt (diffusion stage). The result of their theoretical consideration was that the carbon concentration at the surface of the solid had to be equal to Cs* at the solidus temperature.…”

Section: Theoretical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the breakdown of the solid’s crystalline structure, which results in a reduction of activation energy characterizing the kinetic stage, a liquid phase will form in the decomposition of a supersaturated solid. However, they mentioned that no significant kinetic factors retarding the melting process had been observed yet [9]. As the authors presented in [46] with their dynamic LD converter model, and Asai and Muchi [25] showed based on the investigations of Oya in [47], the carbon concentration of the hot metal could also be just below the liquidus line in a binary phase diagram, which led to a negative logarithmic term in Equation (2).…”

Section: Theoretical Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of relevant research articles focused on the theoretical mechanisms of the different stages of scrap melting [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Some of them were combined with experimental investigations on the dissolution rate of scrap in liquid hot metal considering heat or mass transfer or simultaneous heat and mass transfer [12,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diffusive Steel Scrap Melting in Carbon-Saturated Hot Metal—Phenomenological Investigation at the Solid–Liquid Interface

Penz¹,

Schenk

Ammer

et al. 2019

Materials

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The oxygen steelmaking process in a Linz-Donawitz (LD) converter is responsible for more than 70% of annual crude steel production. Optimization of the process control and numerical simulation of the LD converter are some of the current challenges in ferrous metallurgical research. Because of the process conditions and oxidation of impurities of the hot metal, a lot of chemical heat is generated. Therefore, steel scrap is charged as a coolant with the economical side aspect of its recycling. One of the more complex aspects is, among others, the dissolution and melting behaviour of the scrap in carbon-saturated hot metal. Heat and mass transfer act simultaneously, which has already been investigated by several researchers using different experimental approaches. The appearances at the interface between solid steel and liquid hot metal during diffusive scrap melting have been described theoretically but never investigated in detail. After an experimental investigation under natural and forced convective conditions, the samples were further investigated with optical microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). A steep carbon concentration gradient in the liquid appeared, which started at an interface carbon concentration equal to the concentration on the solid side of the interface. Moreover, the boundary layer thickness moved towards zero, which symbolized that the boundary layer theory based on thermodynamic equilibrium was not valid. This fact was concluded through the prevailing dynamic conditions formed by natural and forced convection.

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Numerical investigation of scrap melting in high-carbon hot metal

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2022

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering

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Scrap melting in the steelmaking process has recently attracted considerable attention. This study developed a mathematical model to investigate the effects of sizes, initial temperatures and carbon contents of scrap, and bath flow on its melting behaviors. The results showed that the volume of the solidified shell on the melting interface could be decreased or eliminated by increasing the initial temperature of the scrap. The initial carbon content also significantly influenced the melting behavior. The completion melting time decreased from 253 to 80 s when the carbon content increased from 0.10% to 0.30%. Importantly, the natural convection or driven flow formed in the bath significantly influenced the melting behaviors. Moreover, the dominating factors changed as the melting proceeded. Therefore this study provides more insights into the melting behavior of the scrap during the steelmaking process at different operating conditions.

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Melting of steel scrap in hot metal

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

A Review of Steel Scrap Melting in Molten Iron‐Carbon Melts

A Review of Steel Scrap Melting in Molten Iron‐Carbon Melts

Diffusive Steel Scrap Melting in Carbon-Saturated Hot Metal—Phenomenological Investigation at the Solid–Liquid Interface

Numerical investigation of scrap melting in high-carbon hot metal

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