Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: A review of functional graded design and optimization

Lü, Xing; Shi, Weidong; Su, Huaneng; Xu, Qian; Das, Prodip K.; Mao, Baodong; Scott, Keith

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.084

Cited by 205 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…At the nanometer scale, new catalyst particles are being developed to improve the electrochemical behavior of electrodes [7]. At the micrometer scale, the manufacturing and characterization of functional layers are also under investigation [8]. At the meter scale, process engineers are developing novel stacks and system technology [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

Scheepers

Stähler

et al. 2020

Energies

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Hydrogen produced in a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer must be stored under high pressure. It is discussed whether the gas should be compressed in subsequent gas compressors or by the electrolyzer. While gas compressor stages can be reduced in the case of electrochemical compression, safety problems arise for thin membranes due to the undesired permeation of hydrogen across the membrane to the oxygen side, forming an explosive gas. In this study, a PEM system is modeled to evaluate the membrane-specific total system efficiency. The optimum efficiency is given depending on the external heat requirement, permeation, cell pressure, current density, and membrane thickness. It shows that the heat requirement and hydrogen permeation dominate the maximum efficiency below 1.6 V, while, above, the cell polarization is decisive. In addition, a pressure-optimized cell operation is introduced by which the optimum cathode pressure is set as a function of current density and membrane thickness. This approach indicates that thin membranes do not provide increased safety issues compared to thick membranes. However, operating an N212-based system instead of an N117-based one can generate twice the amount of hydrogen at the same system efficiency while only one compressor stage must be added.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

Scheepers

Stähler

et al. 2020

Energies

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“…A study [47] reported that AEMFCs exhibit improved performance and high stability in 2018. In 2019, numerous reviews of PEMFCs were published, including a review of PEMFC-based micro-combined heat and power systems [48], PEMFC applications for electric vehicles and energy management strategies [49,50], PEMFC poisoning by contaminants and impurities [51], mechanical compression effects and stress effects on PEMFCs [52,53], humidification strategy for PEMFCs [54], and design optimization for PEMFCs [55]. These reviews are similar to the 2000 reviews of SOFCs.…”

Section: Technology Review Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Lee

Lin²

2020

Sustainability

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Renewable and sustainable energy technologies must undergo commercialization before contributing to people's sustainable development. Among different approaches, commercialization to become unicorn start-ups has attracted considerable attention. Unicorn start-ups are companies achieving a valuation of over US$1 billion before launching initial public offerings. Herein, a company adopting solid oxide fuel cells as its single product and becoming a unicorn start-up is considered the case company (Company B). Established in 2001, Company B accumulated US$825.7 million of actual funding and a peak valuation of US$2.9 billion before being publicly listed. After being listed in July 2018, Company B achieved unicorn start-up status. Searching ScienceDirect Online and the IEEE/IET Electronic Library, this. study collects reviews of fuel cell technology development trends. From CB insights, the study collects the timing and amount of funding received by fuel cell-related unicorn start-ups worldwide. The Derwent Innovation (DI) tool is employed to analyze the status of fuel cell-related patent applications of these unicorn start-ups. This study integrates technology review, business status, and patent application data for analysis. Unlike previous technology reviews focusing on researches and developments, this study emphasizes the analysis of intellectual-property-based (IP-based) commercialization strategies. Specifically, it analyzes key factors explaining how a company producing solid oxide fuel cells could transform into a unicorn start-up. These factors are compiled into a ladder framework to provide a reference. Five quantitative indices are promoted. From the managerial point of view, this framework provides an executable guideline for effectively transforming sustainable energy technology into a high-valuation unicorn start-up.

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“…These equations are solved using a 4th-order Runge-Kutta method with the following boundary conditions. Equations (32) and (33) are given at GDL/CL interface, and Equations (34) and (35) are to be applied at CL/membrane interface.…”

Section: Catalyst Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Governing equations Equations (1), (3), (13), (19) Equations (26)(27)(28)(29) Boundary conditions Equations (44)(45)(46)(47) Equations (32)(33)(34)(35) Unknown variables…”

Section: Gdl and Channel Catalyst Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonisothermal two‐phase modeling of the effect of linear nonuniform catalyst layer on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance

Sabzpoushan

Mosleh

Kavian

et al. 2020

Energy Science & Engineering

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Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: A review of functional graded design and optimization

Cited by 205 publications

References 126 publications

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Nonisothermal two‐phase modeling of the effect of linear nonuniform catalyst layer on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell performance

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