Membranes for Power Generation by Pressure Retarded Osmosis

Effect of the feed and draw solution temperatures on PRO performance: Theoretical and experimental study

“…(10), substituting C icp in Eq. (19) with its expression developed in Eq. (8), and substituting the ratio J s /J w with its expression presented in Eq.…”

“…In an osmotically driven membrane process, the water permeation flux J w across an ideal semipermeable thin film that allows water passage but rejects solute molecules or ions is related to the water permeability A, the effective osmotic pressure difference Δπ m and the transmembrane hydraulic pressure difference ΔP as follows [19]:…”

“…In many published papers, s is considered as a constant [8,19]. However, s takes different values depending on operating conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.).…”

“…1); consequently, the effective osmotic pressure and the water flux are reduced (see Eqs. (19) and (21)) and thus the performance of the PRO is limited. The results revealed the strong relationship between the water flux and the salt diffusion: high temperature leads to a better water flux, which unfortunately induces more severe solute diffusion.…”

Advanced Polymeric and Organic–Inorganic Membranes for Pressure-Driven Processes

“…This is the case of osmotic power or pressure retarded osmosis plants, a concept, which has been independently proposed in the 1970s by Norman [9], Jellinek [10], and Loeb [11] and is now becoming a reality in Norway. An introduction on this technology is given in Reference [12]. The technology takes advantage of the high osmotic pressure which is built when salt water from the sea meets water from fjords and rivers (Figure 2).…”