“…However, the validity of existing neuropsychological tests for older individuals in long-term care (LTC) settings has been scarcely investigated (Chou et al, 2001;Rashedi et al, 2019), resulting in limitations in their use. Moreover, common factors in LTC settings such as low education, advanced age, and depressive and anxiety symptoms (Andrade et al, 2017;Daniel et al, 2015;Espirito-Santo, Pena, et al, 2016;Espirito-Santo & Daniel, 2018;Figueiredo-Duarte et al, 2021;Kao et al, 2022;Parmelee et al, 1989;Villeneuve et al, 2022) may affect test scores, leading to inaccurate diagnostic conclusions (Marcopulos et al, 1999;Morgan et al, 2019).…”